The son who is born of the union, called Demars or Zeus, but once called Adodus, is obviously Hadad, the Ba'al of the Ugaritic texts who now becomes an ally of his grandfather Sky and begins to make war on l. 268-278. Kmr is roughly halfway between Aleppo and the Amuq Valley, right in the middle of an area that includes ancient Antioch, a city of some importance to the early Christian church; Mount Zaphon (modern Jebel al-Aqra), the mountain on which Baals palace was believed to sit; and the Amanus Mountains, the significance of which well explain as we get deeper into this book. 04-02-2023, 04:36 AM . Dabbling in all kinds of knowledge, art, crafting, magic, and spells, Enki also known as the god Ea later on was involved in almost every brainy aspect of life in ancient Mesopotamia. She was referred to as the patroness of doctors, and was said to be in possession of medical equipment such as scalpels, herbal medicine, and bandages. [19], In an inscription in the Proto-Sinaitic script, William F. Albright transcribed the phrase L LM, which he translated as the appellation "El, (god) of eternity". The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of that and later times. For who in the skies compares to Yahweh, There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. And its known that Urkesh and Harran were connected by an important trade route, linking the resource-rich mountains north of Urkesh to markets in northern Syria and the Mediterranean port near Antioch. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. He brings light and warmth to the land, allowing plants and crops to grow. However it can also mean that Yahweh stands in the Divine Council (generally known as the Council of l), as l judging among the other members of the council. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. They developed a pretty rough reputation, especially the Tidanu tribe (about whom more later), that contributed to the collapse of the last Sumerian kingdom to rule Mesopotamia. 1. Utu was Nannas son and Inannas twin brother, but he was not as ardently worshiped as other Sumerian gods. Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. ENBILULU - The Mesopotamian water god charged with the care of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It is said that Enlil himself betrothed the two divine beings. Of the four planes of existence in Sumerian mythos, the Netherworld, otherwise known as Kigal or Irkalla, was by far the most depressing. For example, the people of Uruk revered the god An and the goddess Inanna, while the residents of Nippur considered Enlil to be their patron deity, and Eridu saw Enki being held as most important. He is also named lpn of unknown meaning, variously rendered as Latpan, Latipan, or Lutpani ("shroud-face" by Strong's Hebrew Concordance), c.f. The Semitic root lh (Arabic ilh, Aramaic Alh, Elh, Hebrew elah) may be l with a parasitic h, and l may be an abbreviated form of lh. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. An and Ki then proceeded to mate, and birthed Enlil. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. She later married her son Enlil, and the two proceeded to create all the plants and animals on the planet. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. No deity in the Sumerian pantheon of gods was above making mistakes, and these errors and lapses of judgment were often regarded as parabolic lessons. In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. Genesis, Book of. The following verses in which the god condemns those whom he says were previously named gods (Elohim) and sons of the Most High suggest the god here is in fact l judging the lesser gods. It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. This is a plausible scenario, given that the Sumerian homeland in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of mountains. These temples began as little more than elaborate buildings, but as construction became more advanced, they were transformed into massive ziggurats, Babylonian pyramids, and a home to religious traditions and celebrations. If El was the high God of AbrahamElohim, the prototype of YahvehAsherah was his wife, and there are archaeological indications that she was perceived as such before she was in effect "divorced" in the context of emerging Judaism of the 7th century BCE. Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. Remember, the Amorites of that era worshiped only two gods, the god Ilu (El) and the moon-god called Bl ad (lord of the mountain). A bilingual inscription from Palmyra[52] dated to the 1st century equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. All of them were considered creators of the world, described by epithets like father of the gods, ancient one, and so on. The bloodcurdling truth is that Judaism has always been a cult of Saturn from its beginning. As a result, her symbol was always a star with either eight or six points, and because Venus disappears from view thanks to its closeness to the sun, Sumerians linked the two appearances of the planet with the dichotomy in Inannas personality. When Amorites first encountered the civilizations of Akkad and Sumer in the twenty-fourth century BC, the two most popular deities among the newcomers were the moon-god, Erah (also spelled Yarikh; called Sn in Akkad and Nanna in Sumer) and the god, under the Amorite name El. This is documented by the Amorite personal names logged in official Sumerian and Akkadian records: If we then take a look at the 43 most popular Amorite names (in this case: Amorite names occurring three times or more). The Sumerians built the gigantic ziggurat of Etemenanki to honor their supreme god, Marduk. The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote . With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. Another version attributes the idea to Nammu herself. After the Doomsday cataclysm Minoan tradition gave way to Greek tradition. that at one point El was a desert god. However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. But to each of the other gods he gave two wings upon the shoulders, as meaning that they accompanied Cronus in his flight. So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? This is a striking parallel with the Akkadian personal names. See Baal for a discussion of this passage. As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. As a result, he was visually depicted as a bearded man in a typical garb of the time complete with horned hat sitting down, with flowing streams and fish around him. A rarer form, . [9]Lloyd R. Bailey, Israelite l adday and Amorite Bl ad.Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. Identification of an aspect of l with Poseidon rather than with Cronus might have been felt to better fit with Hellenistic religious practice, if indeed this Phoenician Poseidon really is the l who dwells at the source of the two deeps in Ugaritic texts. Such inconsistencies were also common when it came to what a god was the god of, with multiple gods being in charge of one aspect of the cosmos, and a singular deitys purview changing over the course of time. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. Mesopotamian equivalent: Enlil: Hurrian equivalent: . The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Nammu The Goddess of the Primordial Sea, Enki The God of Water, Wisdom, Arts, Crafts, Male Fertility, and Magic, Inanna Goddess of Female Fertility, Love, and War, Ereshkigal The Goddess of the Netherworld, Utu The God of the Sun, Truth, and Justice, Apollo: The Greek God of Music and the Sun, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. Some sources also say that it was not Enki, but Abzu itself that was worshiped by the people of Eridu as the personification of the freshwater supply. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . In the Tanakh, 'elhm is the normal word for a god or the great God (or gods, given that the 'im' suffix makes a word plural in Hebrew). It occurs 217 times in the Masoretic Text: seventy-three times in the Psalms and fifty-five times in the Book of Job, and otherwise mostly in poetic passages or passages written in elevated prose. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. The ziggurat at Ur, the only one left of such structures remaining from ancient Summer, was a temple dedicated to the Moon. Occult researchers affirm that Saturn ruled the kingdom of Atlantis and became the divine ancestor of all earthly patriarchs and kings. When viewed as a general taunt against anyone making divine claims, it may or may not refer to Yahweh depending on the context. [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. l is called again and again Tru l ("Bull l" or "the bull god"). For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, l or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. The Sumerian sky god Anu and the highest semitic deity El were considered the same personage in the northern regions of Mesopotamia 6. 3. ama (Sumerian Utu) is the god of the sun. Egyptian Mythology: Ra and the Sun Boat (God of Sun)#EgyptianMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #MythologyExplained Gula was also known to be the goddess of dogs and other animals, and this is immortalized in depictions of her with a dog carved into a boundary stone dating from the period. Yet you are man and not 'El even though you have made your heart like the heart of 'elhm ('gods').'". and the majority of the group of all the holy ones, This god is sometimes conflated with Chronos (time). [10] Among the Hittites, El was known as Elkunirsa. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. The apparent plural form 'lm or 'lim "gods" occurs only four times in the Tanakh. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. However, he was far from being autonomous, as his actions were almost entirely dictated by Enlil, with Enki being something of an agent of execution. was universally the god of heaven, Enlil - the god of air and earth . An additional name, which is only attested in literary texts, is Dilimbabbar. At last, with the advice of his daughter Athena and the god Hermes Trismegistus (perhaps Thoth), l successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Cross (1973, p.19) points out that Ptah is often called the Lord (or one) of eternity and thinks it may be this identification of l with Ptah that lead to the epithet 'olam 'eternal' being applied to l so early and so consistently. [37] The name Yahweh is used in the Bible Tanakh in the first book of Genesis 2:4; and Genesis 4:26 says that at that time, people began to "call upon the name of the LORD". 3 (July, 1968), p. 172. In D. N. Freedman (Ed. In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for "god" by biblical commentators. He is one of the oldest gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon and is first mentioned at the very dawn of writing in Sumer c. 3500 BCE. In the same text, it is said that Marduk cast a [sp]ell against Illil in the Abyss, and consi[gned him] to the Anunnaki, that is, the underworld gods. He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. One of the most highly regarded female deities in early Mesopotamian religion, Nammugave birth to An and Ki the gods of heaven and earth. 4 (Dec., 1968), p. 435. Different from many other major pantheistic societies, such as the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Aztecs, the chief astral god of the Sumerians wasnt the sun god, but the moon god Nanna otherwise known as Sin. That phrase with m-enclitic also appears in Phoenician inscriptions as late as the fifth century BCE. Cronus or Kronos is known for having swallowed his children, until his youngest child, Zeus, forced him to regurgitate. The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the Great Mountain, Enlil. "The Phoenicians every year sacrificed their beloved and only begotten children to Kronos, or Saturn; and the Rhodesians often did the same." [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. Two other apparent fossilized expressions are arz-'l 'cedars of God' (generally translated something like 'mighty cedars', 'goodly cedars') in Psalm 80:10 (in Hebrew verse 11) and kharr-'l 'mountains of God' (generally translated something like 'great mountains', 'mighty mountains') in Psalm 36:7 (in Hebrew verse 6). Why Nippur was chosen is anyones guess. [7](Emphasis added). The Sumerians believed in many gods. Nanna was depicted as a bearded man sitting on a throne with a symbolic crescent moon in the sky. She was known to accompany her favorite king in battle in the shape of the planet Venus, the morning star, or the evening star. Nanna was also the father of fire god Nusku and one of Enlils trusted ministers. It probably means he of Kumar, a site identified with the modern village of Kmr, about twenty-five miles northwest of Aleppo. Robert William Rogers, ed., Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (New York: Eaton & Mains, & Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1912), pp. Sumerian myth dictates that while almost every Sumerian god was a powerful being with supernatural abilities at their disposal, they were far from being the kind of omnipotent, supreme deity we have become accustomed to thanks to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Morris Jastrow said: "Inasmuch as astrology deals primarily, as a system of divination, with the phenomena observed only at night, the foremost place is naturally occupied by the great orb of night, the moon, which, when a personified power, was designated as En-Zu, "the lord of wisdom," and had the . While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. Considering the number of gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon, its significant that Amorites in Akkad and Sumer during the lifetime of Abraham only honored two of them. The symbol that denotes her name is the same as the one used to designate Engur, her mate and the personification of the mythical underground freshwater ocean known as Abzu. [24] In Hittite texts, the expression becomes the single name Ilkunirsa, this Ilkunirsa appearing as the husband of Asherdu (Asherah) and father of 77 or 88 sons. Heliocentric Solar System: The Sumerians were well aware that our solar system was Heliocentric.Moreover they show 11 celestial bodies or planets.The above picture taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they not only knew the number of bodies in the solar system, but the relative size as well. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds He is often depicted in paintings as an elderly man with a long beard . Nibiru, to the Babylonians, was the celestial body associated with the god Marduk. She was older than her more lively sister Inanna, hated her passionately, and was a stone-cold queen who enforced the law that no one could leave the underworld without leaving a replacement behind. Unlike the modern idea of heaven, Sumerian heaven was essentially the sky, which was where some gods lived. Her temples were found in Nippur, Mari, and in several other places under different names. The gods of the Babylonian pantheon were tied with these 5 planets as follows: Jupiter with Marduk Venus with the goddess Ishtar Saturn with Ninurta (Ninib) Poseidon is known to have been worshipped in Beirut, his image appearing on coins from that city. This research identifies the Mesopotamian deity Amurru, generally considered a separate entity by most scholars, as the moon-god, and places the center of his cult in the very region that produced the family of Abrahamthe area along the Balikh River and around the city of Harran, which was home to a well-known temple to Sn. Utu had one child a daughter named Mamu who was one of many goddesses who presided over the realm of dreams. Reply Quote. Not to follow rabbits too far off the main trail here, but that begs the question: Were the Amorites and Hurrians related? According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. Whether this was a long-standing belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. In some Canaanite and Ugaritic sources, l played a role as father of the gods, of creation, or both. During the time of Abraham and Isaac, in texts dated between 1900 BC and 1791 BC,[8]the only two gods attested among the Amorites of Mesopotamia were the moon-god and the god. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. 27, No. Nanna (also known as Nannar, Nanna-Suen, Sin, Asimbabbar, Namrasit, Inbu) is the Mesopotamian god of the moon and wisdom. His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. Watch new episodes of Ancient Aliens Saturdays at 9/8c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite History Channel shows at https://history.com/schedule.The. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. Personal names including the stem l are found with similar patterns in both Amorite and Sabaic. One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? She was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, and war. Worshipers of each city would go to the main temple to pay their respects to the main god. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. In some cases, he was denoted as a consort of Nammu. Cognate forms of l are found throughout the Semitic languages. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. Mesopotamian moon god. His other children, depending on the version of the myth, were Enki, Nikikurga, Nidaba, Baba, and even Inanna and Kumarbi. It was widely believed that a human kings right to rule derived from the favor of Enlil; in fact, kingship, the attribute of royalty that conveyed the divine authority of a king, was literally called enlilship.[19]But until about 2450 BC, Enlil did not bestow that power to kings across all of Sumer. The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote domain. The latter descriptions are supported by a tale of how Enlil and Enki ordered the gods Labar and Ashnan to Earth in order to give cattle and grain to its inhabitants. Nimrod's Babylonian followers worshipped him as Marduk - the god of war and fortresses. (See 2 Kings 23:15.)[47]. [48][51]:255. The name is Akkadian and means 'crossing place' or 'place of transition'. In this article, I am going to give you a crash course in the mythology of Enki and Enlil. 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