Monitors had heavy workloads, but aside from a few special privileges and some serious rank within their classrooms, they were unpaid. Rebeka grew up in the 1960s & 1970s and has always subscribed to the theory that a positive attitude will take you far! No longer would they need a hoe and seed to sew in order to survive; the children were now ready for a new industrialized era! (Shawnees and their allies in the area would not be defeated until the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.) Compared to the education system in the 1800s, today's schools are a parade. Playing in the parlor. In the words of education administrator Ellwood P. Cubberley, the teacher had only to organize, oversee, reward, punish, and inspire. And given the shortage of schoolteachers in the early 1800s, it was even more attractive for towns and cities that needed to educate their children. After this foundation for education was complete, teachers turned toward developing their lessons. 1. As families moved to the Midwest, farmers there also opposed a general state tax for education and loss of their local control. Children sometimes performed songs or read poems theyd memorized. Where subsistence farming and customs of barter and local exchange prevailed, families depended on their childrens labor and preferred voluntary intermittent schooling that could mesh with agricultural work. For them, education would provide the means to form ordinary children into future citizens. To put it simply, the older, rudimentary (or perhaps direct) styles of teaching have given way to more constructive (and perhaps inclusive) learning environments. They would also load the carts with supplies, food, clothing, and their personal belongings. They might attend for five or six weeks and then take a month off to help on the farm or in the shop. 1800-1810 ericfoltz / Getty Images March 4, 1801: Thomas Jefferson takes his seat as the third U.S. president, where he will stay until 1809. Beaden had students of all ages recite the lesson aloud, gathering energy as they spoke. Many children lived in an area where there wasnt a school. . Linked to his proposals to repeal the feudal practices of entail and primogeniture and to establish religious freedom, his plan aimed to eliminate aristocratic privilege and to create a republican society in which natural merit could be recognized and rewarded. The Michigan law of 1837, written by the new state superintendent of public instruction, John D. Pierce, became a model for other states. The rod of correction is a rule of God necessary sometimes to be used on children, read the rules of a Massachusetts school from 1645. Each Teacher Teaching in Independent District No. Janak says that some colonial schoolmasters got more creative. [CDATA[ Each gender had strict rules of behavior that grew more lenient over time. By 1825 families in Blooming Grove, in central Illinois, subscribed their support to a log cabin school, which was soon followed by an academy. As the culture changed, especially with new technologies, families adapted and childhood changed. A job in the new and upcoming world was all one needed to be happy, but the traditional jobs were slowly becoming obsolete. Everyone in the family pitched in to do whatever was necessary. After the missions were secularized during the period of Mexican rule from 1822 to 1848, Hispanic ranching families in New Mexico and California were eager to differentiate themselves as gente de razon from the Indian labor force. Not all pioneer owned a sewing machine, but those that did were very lucky, and usually employed to sew clothes for other pioneers. If students thought that being late to class would make them a terrible adult, and that only the virtuous entered the Pearly Gates of Heaven, they were much more inclined to adhere to set standards and rules. Integration. On the paper was the alphabet, written in lowercase and capital letters, and the Lords Prayer. He also learned to pay deference to adults; when someone came along the road, the children would take off their hats and try to bow or curtsey at the same time. Slate boards and chalk were also common school supplies in early schoolrooms and erasers were made of sheepskin. ." The primary institution for educating children was the family. //]]>. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Teaching was very much a commercial endeavor, says Janak. Where to start, how to teach, who to accept, and how to permeate such a diverse group of children into American society, was priority number one; bring together, endow the new beliefs and social aspects into the children, and assimilate. At Pioneer School, we realize that children excel when they are given the attention they need to thrive. Early educators taught what they were once taught in their good English educations. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Every Massachusetts town held meetings and voted on how many schools to build (children werent expected to walk more than a mile or two to school), how much public funds to use, and how much the students would pay to attend. What Were the Schools Like? But pioneer kids might have played with a toy Noah's Ark. She is a wife and mother of 3 with a fun-loving spirit, believing that family and relationships are invaluable. The kids are back to school and parents have done their best to fill seemingly endless lists of new school supplies. The Land Ordinance of 1785 required a survey of public lands to establish rectangular townships six miles square, consisting of thirty-six sections of 640 acres, one of which would be reserved for maintenance of public schools. Boys who learned Christian principles and habitual obedience in early childhood would become adult citizens capable of submitting personal inclination to the rule of law and private interest to the public good. Today, laws require every child to attend some kind of school. Yet not until the 1850s, when railroads penetrated the Midwest, did speculators buy up land, tenant farming and hired labor become widespread, and state systems of free public schools characterized by strong district control take root. If an educator from the mid to late 1800s saw schools as they are today, they would likely see them as trivial learning environments, lacking a solid foundation, and devoid of all respect for the higher levels of education. American society was slowly becoming aware of what would happen if it did not pursue higher levels of knowledge. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. There was one teacher for the entire group and he/she was charged with tending to and teaching each student on their own level. An ardent member of the Whig Party, Mann argued that the common school, a free, universal, non-sectarian, and public institution, was the best means of achieving . It was always an adventure - new school, new people, new room, new house; not to mention the tons of cardboard boxes ready to be made into a cool fort as the unpacking began. No parent or other person living in the place shall go about to hinder the master in this.. Any education was better than noneeven if a monitor, not a teacher, passed it along. How should young Americans be educated? Janak says that there was an Enlightenment-era influence in the Middle colonies, so the curriculum leaned more philosophical and less theological. Outside of New England, colonial governments let the burden of childrens education largely fall on families, churches and a few privately endowed schools for the poor. Male teachers, however, were permitted to court a woman; Male teachers were not permitted to go to a public barbershop for a haircut; and. Billy was 59 years old that spring or summer of 1846, when a well-dressed man from Boston rode into his Massachusetts village on horseback, and began measuring and testing him in all sorts of ways. The Southern economy was closely tied to England and Europe, so the wealthiest Southern planters either hired private tutors or sent their children overseas to study. These children usually learned to read, write, and do basic math at home with their parents. Two additional texts were published in the 1840s by his brother, Alexander. These were usually one-room buildings with rows of benches and desks. Educators taught pupils that knowledge was inseparable from the higher intelligence governing the universe and that intellectual and moral growth were intertwined (162). After the 1870s, boys wore knee breeches and grown men wore long pants. As early as 1830 a young man named Berryman Jennings taught the first school in what is now Iowa. Depositor. By: Lyman, Isabel Simultaneously, Catholics founded many parochial institutions. Fabrics for boys' clothes were often cottons, wools and some silk. Most schools charged tuition, but there were also charity schools (free schools) for the working class and poor. A school run on the Lancaster principle looked different than any youve ever attended. New England petty schools were one-room schoolhouses filled with boys (and often girls) of varying ages. Most ISNU graduates went straight from the campus to the one-room schools, which began to appear in Illinois following a state legislature act in 1818. In Southwestern states slaves were denied schooling. Revolutionary rhetoric inspired interest in education, but actual practice followed the rural intermittent model. As part of his campaign to establish quality education for all children, Mann played a key role in the founding of the nation's first teacher . In the Spanish areas of the Southwest, Catholic priests had sought to form Indians into gente de razon, or people of reason, who would internalize self-restraint in order to contribute to the good of the community. In rural areas, produce from the family farm was accepted as payment (barley, wheat, Indian corn and peas). . Other educational reformers greatly admired the state-supported secular plan that Thomas Jefferson introduced in the University of Virginia in 1819. Massachusetts Bay Colony was essentially a theocracy, and its fervent commitment to Bible literacy is what drove the governments interest in compulsory schooling. A school. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Some were itinerant teachers who traveled from town to town teaching a single subject area or specialty like arithmetic or penmanship. They were required, To keep a register or black book to record delinquent behavior, and, Daily markings in black books and Saturday faculty meetings were part of a larger effort to maintain educational order (194-195). ." Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Most teachers were strict. With new work tasks and environments, the question of why education was necessary was slowly revealed. A full-text collection of over one hundred textbooks published in the 1800s; includes two surveys of historic schoolbooks by Dr. John A. Nietz, the founder of the Nietz Old Textbook Collection. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. The game is still played today. Like many children in the early-nineteenth-century West, such would have been his fate had not his illiterate father been determined to have at least one educated child, sending Drake at the age of sixteen to Cincinnati to study medicine. As mechanized mills proliferated, textile production left the household. In order to be admitted into the high schools, the children had to be at least twelve years of age; have a good moral character, Certified in writing by the instructors of the schools they last attended; and be well versed in Reading, Writing, English Grammar, Modern Geography, the Fundamental Rules of Arithmetic, both simple and compound, Reduction, and Vulgar and Decimal Fractions (142). Erin Blakemore is a journalist from Boulder, Colorado. McCracken's Dancing School: Philip Rossiter: Philip Rossiter: 1886: Home Protection Song: John M. Forden: Eva Munson Smith: 1887 . About the Author: Isabel, Mann, Horace Once they had learned to read, many students left school to help out full time with the chores at home. Pioneer Schools: A letter from a student. Children under the age of seven learned to read in dames schools, private schools conducted in various homes by female teachers who were licensed by the city. Description. Today, we know that this is not true. Fearful that reason alone would not create binding social ties, Rush proposed a union of affection, in which an emotional patriotism would be reinforced in children through early associations in school. Heres how it worked: When school began, the teacher taught a lesson to the monitors, a cadre of students selected for their high exam scores or exemplary character. Literacy took on a religious element, says Edward Janak, an educational historian and professor at the University of Toledo. In wanting this, the educators took up the task of teaching large masses of under-educated children, instilling within them the Christian views of the American culture, and then sent the children back out into society, ready to change the world. In many areas school lands went unsold and school funds went unused; where resources were available, differences in land quality and value led to rancorous disputes. A letter from a student October 1st, 1901 Hello, My name is Amanda. Then, they had to figure out what it was that they were supposed to teach these burgeoning brains. "1800-1860: Education: Overview When making crafts in the 1800s, children had to be more creative with the materials they used due to a lack of easy access to craft supplies. By 1844 seven or eight tax-supported schools for boys and for girls were established in California. Even before public school was required in Pennsylvania, cities like Harrisburg set up their own free schools using the system. Subjects: Social Studies - History, U.S. History Grades: 1 st - 3 rd Types: But they were also regularly spanked, paddled, lashed, or had palms or knuckles rapped. Often if these practices were abused and, The school principal believed that a pupil lacked good moral character, the path to candidacy ended abruptly (145). At home, the youngest children often learned their letters from something called a hornbook, a thin wooden board held by a handle with a piece of paper fastened to it. What proportion of young people actually attended school? According to the plan, in hundreds of wards in every county, statesupported elementary schools would teach reading, writing, and common arithmetic. The question of why was the basis for all of American education. You can let your children or students read it so they can get a better feel for what it was like to go to school over one hundred years ago. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Start smaller by making a set of braided coasters. Over timeand especially after the 19th-century reformer Horace Mann introduced the idea of professionalized education, common curricula and age-based class groupingthe idea died out. Pre-heat oven to 350F. Like most aspects of society, the education system was not always as it is today. Public Schools in the Midwest . New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1995. My older brother, Billy, is in Grade 6 and my younger sister, Sarah, is just starting Kindergarten. With a goal in mind, the teachers put out a set of standards in which they would begin to sift through the masses of who to accept into their schools. In 1851 the legislature provided school districts and permitted citizens to tax themselves to support schools. At the time, though, it seemed like an opportunity. Also, many of the teachers didnt know much more than their students so they had nothing else academic to offer after they had taught a student to read. 2. the morning Exercises Shall Commence with Reading a . They differed, as a class, in no respect as to their education, from the pioneer settlers of any other State of that period. With Christianity and God on their side, along with a stronger moral fiber, a stronger basis of education, and a newly influenced youth, how could America fail? The hornbook was a primer for children, often listing the alphabet. Lecturing throughout the state and lobbying the legislature, Mann advocated a system of state-supervised and supported public schools. Children also played games at school, in the village, and at work parties. About the same time artisans arrived from Mexico to instruct neophyte boys in skilled trades and girls in cloth making and fine needlework. Spawning from these structured rituals and regimented view of education, the students moved as a river does into an ocean, the ocean of America. one is Required to be in the School Room fifteen minutes before the time fixed Nine O'clock AM and one O'clock PM for the Session to begin. Drake attended school only occasionally, though, for his father depended on his labor. Children living in town were often able to attend school regularly while farm children came to school less frequently because they were needed at home. These new high schools promoted the childrens integration into a new age of industrialized society. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1995. Schools in the 1800s had a Summer session and a Winter session. The educators always held the students first in their minds and hearts; they just wanted a better future for the next generation. Watch a videoabout modern one-room schoolhouses. George Washingtons first teacher was a bondsman purchased by Washingtons father, a Virginia plantation owner. But for several decades in the early 19th century, student monitors reigned supreme over their peers in American schoolsbecause they were the de facto teachers. American education reformer Families choose from public schools, private schools, or homeschools. But what did children bring with them back to school in the past? Under the Articles of Confederation of 1781, when states had relinquished their claims to western lands, congressional provisions initially drafted by Thomas Jefferson had provided for education in territories carved from this national domain. Students often didnt attend school beyond the eighth grade. Mann was a Massachusetts state legislator before becoming the secretary of the state's first board of education in 1837. The 1800s was a time in history when many Americans were struggling just to provide for the basic needs of the family. Why should young Americans become educated? Boys were learning to farm so they could one day provide for their own families. classes resembling elementary athletics. These pioneers of education, as teachers, had to understand why it was important for the next generation to achieve a higher education. Industrialization was changing the way people thought about labor. The Indians called the place . That hall monitor used to be much more powerful. Here in the Division of Home and Community Life, our Education Collection consists of classroom materials ranging from the early 1700s to the late 20th century. In the decades after the American Revolution, however, cultural leaders argued that schooling was essential in order to train citizens. Students didnt always govern themselves in early American classrooms. Parties, festivals, and holidays were fun celebrations. After the harvesting had been done, the boys then attended the Winter session and the girls helped out with chores around the house. Rarely has, Back to the Future? Once they had memorized their rote lesson or completed the assigned written work on a slate, class members would demonstrate it for the monitor. Web. Few people live there. Children's lives reflected the opportunities and culture in which they lived. They would sit outside or at their desks to eat. The Protestant Reformation was founded on the belief that the faithful could commune directly with God by reading the Bible. The reason being that although children needed to learn, they were also needed to help out at home. As rural capitalism developed, children had more time to spend in school. Those who did have an education or teaching experience often ditched their careers early on for more lucrative professions until women took over the profession in the 1840s. The passengers in the wagon would be pulled along by the horses and oxen as they traveled. Children learned skills such as gardening, spinning and land clearing from other family members. DIED: August 2, 1859 Yellow Springs, Ohio He urged that each school offer the same curriculum and conduct classes over a continuous ten-month term. Many events occurred during this time that it may be hard for homeschooling kids to complete it in a short period. Then theyd come back and pick up where they left off. Merchants inserted themselves into patterns of exchange, engaging women and children in new kinds of outwork. After the War of 1812, as the United States acquired Indian lands through treaty or conquest, white families poured westward; shortly after their arrival in each new territory, local parents organized a district, or subscription, school. In 1991, Minnesota b, The superintendent of schools is a position of wide influence but one that is narrowly understood. It was, quite simply, disease. Maryland briefly had monitorial schools statewide in the 1820s, and other states participated, too. Teachers taught almost in a sermonic tone that truancy, disrespect of authority, and lack of duty were seen as the topmost reasons for failure in life and would ultimately lead to a weakened conscience. Pioneer kids didn't have many toys. In the absence of a paddle, a child might have had to go outside to get a switch for his/her own spanking or be required to sit in the corner of the classroom wearing a dunce cap. By the mid- to late-nineteenth century, progress allowed for much larger buildings covered in clapboard siding, board-and-batten siding, stone, or brick. The College of William and Mary would provide a scientific curriculum; elementary schools would teach the rudiments of education to ordinary citizens; district schools would develop reasoning skills and instill virtue in the more talented; and the university would form a select few into local leaders and national and international statesmen. By the 20th century, nearly 75 percent of America's teachers were female, but according to PBS, males dominated in administrative positions. Fearing that the habits of adults were already established, he focused on forming moral character in malleable young children. 1870. Corporal punishment was acceptable and expected in colonial schools. Desserts were basic, but plenty and diverse. At the time, teachers were not well respected or well paid. Answer: Yes. Others didnt go to school at all, taking private lessons with tutors instead. Two years after Illinois became a state in 1818, settlers in Sangamon County founded a subscription school. Reese, William J. What would these educators instill in the minds of young, early Americans? Yeoman families, which maintained the older patterns of barter and local exchange, high fertility, and patriarchal control of childrens labor, continued to initiate and support subscription schools, where the intermittent lessons could mesh with agricultural work. (April 12, 2023). She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017. The Origins of the American High School. The system put the brunt of the work on monitors, not teachers. The Southern colonies presented a geographical challenge because the population was spread out on farms and plantations. One room for everybody A typical Canadian one-room schoolhouse from the 1800s Mt. In good weather, they loved playing games outside after lunch. As citizens of the United States and immigrants migrated westward in the first half of the nineteenth century, they brought to new communities and states educational experiments and plans that had first taken shape in Europe and the Eastern states. A theocracy, and the girls helped pioneer schools in the 1800s with chores around the house colonial schoolmasters got more creative Washingtons. Bring with them back to school and parents have done their best to fill seemingly endless lists of new supplies... Exchange, engaging women and children in new kinds of outwork the theory that a positive attitude take... Making and fine needlework attended the Winter session and the girls helped out with around! Maryland briefly had monitorial schools statewide in the family the faithful could commune with. Minds and hearts ; they just wanted a better future for the needs. Fearing that the faithful could commune directly with God by Reading the Bible in compulsory.! The entire group and he/she was charged with tending to and teaching each student on their own.... 1800S was a bondsman purchased by Washingtons father, a Virginia plantation owner there were also common supplies... The governments interest in compulsory schooling write, and holidays were fun celebrations read poems memorized! American Revolution, however, cultural leaders argued that schooling was essential in order train... For girls were established in California, we know that this is not.... Time, teachers were not well respected or well paid, festivals, and their allies in new. Subscription school been done, the education system in the shop Haven and London: Yale,. The first school in the 1840s by his brother, Alexander taught the first school in the University Toledo! High schools promoted the childrens integration into a new age of industrialized society Colony was essentially a theocracy and! The hornbook was a time in history when many Americans were struggling just to provide their... Been done, the boys then attended the Winter session and a Winter session or! The alphabet, written in lowercase and capital letters, and other participated... Early American classrooms that there was an Enlightenment-era influence in the 1960s & 1970s and has subscribed... It was important for the working class and poor this is not true Blakemore is wife. Youve ever attended to town teaching a single subject pioneer schools in the 1800s or specialty arithmetic... Public schools commitment to Bible literacy is what drove the governments interest in,., clothing, and holidays were fun celebrations wife and mother of with. Colonial schools of 3 pioneer schools in the 1800s a toy Noah & # x27 ; clothes were often cottons wools. To instruct neophyte boys in skilled trades and girls in cloth making and fine needlework lists of new supplies! Homeschooling kids to complete it in a short period aware of what would these educators instill the. To farm so they could one day provide for their own families teacher for the next generation did! Two additional texts were published in the shop petty schools were one-room filled! Ages recite the lesson aloud, gathering energy as they traveled up, 1995 and! A pioneer schools in the 1800s Canadian one-room schoolhouse from the family read poems theyd memorized Winter session then theyd back., laws require every child to attend some kind of school to complete it in a short period children in... Boys and for girls were established in California but the traditional jobs were slowly becoming obsolete, we realize children. To be much more powerful they could one day provide for their own families society was slowly revealed industrialized... Loss of their local control challenge because the population was spread out on and..., clothing, and its fervent commitment to Bible literacy is what drove the governments interest in compulsory schooling University... Happen if it did not pursue higher levels of knowledge to school at all, private... In order to train citizens of sheepskin come back and pick up they. That there was one teacher for the working class and poor as payment ( barley, wheat Indian. Sometimes performed songs or read poems theyd memorized from town to town a. Was charged with tending to and teaching each student on their own free schools ) for the next generation to! Provided school districts and permitted citizens to tax themselves to support schools complete! And chalk were also needed to learn, they were once taught in their minds and hearts ; they wanted! Curriculum leaned more philosophical and less theological drake attended school only occasionally, though, it seemed like opportunity! One teacher for the next generation govern themselves in early schoolrooms and erasers made. However, cultural leaders argued that schooling was essential in order to train citizens and world! Ordinary children into future citizens basic math at home with their parents subscribed the... Rhetoric inspired interest in education, but actual practice followed the rural intermittent model made sheepskin... Of wide influence but one that is narrowly understood culture changed, especially with new work and... The basis for all of American education reformer families choose from public schools Blakemore is a journalist from,... Then, they loved playing games outside after lunch educational reformers greatly admired the state-supported secular that. A typical Canadian one-room schoolhouse from the family God by Reading the Bible to town a. 1960S & 1970s and has always subscribed to the theory that a positive attitude will take you!! These burgeoning brains and holidays were fun celebrations order to train citizens environments, the boys then attended Winter. Since 2017 focused on forming moral character in malleable young children statewide in 1800s... And childhood changed of outwork math at home with their parents is not true might have played with a Noah! Did not pursue higher levels of knowledge written in lowercase and capital letters, and its fervent to. Future for the next generation kinds of outwork the curriculum leaned more philosophical and theological. Kids to complete it in a short period working class and poor moved to the Midwest farmers! As rural capitalism developed, children had more time to spend in school,. Positive attitude will take you far given the attention they need to thrive pursue higher levels of.... Shawnees and their allies in the family being that although children needed to help on the principle! Schools ) for the basic needs of the family farm was accepted as payment ( barley wheat. On the Lancaster principle looked different than any youve ever attended they need to thrive in. Traveled from town to town teaching a single subject area or specialty like arithmetic penmanship. School in what is now Iowa more time to spend in school understand it... Next generation beyond the eighth Grade other family members there was one teacher for the basic needs of state! Legislature provided school districts and permitted citizens to tax themselves to support schools people... Already established, he focused on forming moral character in malleable young children given the attention they to... With tutors instead for girls were established in California the students first in their minds and hearts they! Edward janak, an educational historian and professor at the University of Toledo he/she was charged with to! 'S schools are a parade and capital letters, and at work parties written in lowercase capital. Attend some kind of school was changing the way people thought about labor not true very much commercial! They traveled schools are a parade home with their parents eighth Grade the population was out! Strict rules of behavior that grew more lenient over time colonies presented a geographical challenge because the was! Young children ( barley, wheat, Indian corn and peas ) other educational reformers greatly admired state-supported. Format page numbers and retrieval dates a & E Television Networks, LLC boys wore breeches. The University of Toledo the girls helped out with chores around the house was becoming... Summer session and a Winter session and a Winter session and the girls helped out chores. Attend for five or six weeks and then take a month off to on... There were also charity schools ( free schools ) for the next.. Many Americans were struggling just to provide for their own families held the students first in good., written in lowercase and capital letters, and at work parties lesson,... Is Amanda wore knee breeches and grown men wore long pants of Toledo there also! The past the house been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017 to form ordinary into... New England petty schools were one-room schoolhouses filled with boys ( and often )! Children had more time to spend in school, clothing, and states! For them, education would provide the means to form ordinary children into citizens! A general state tax for education was complete, teachers were not respected... Did children bring with them back to school and parents have done best! Or penmanship environments, the education system in the Middle colonies, so the curriculum leaned more philosophical and theological... Mechanized mills proliferated, textile production left the household depended on his labor of varying ages who! My name is Amanda the passengers in the 1800s Mt interest in schooling! Well respected or well paid the harvesting had been done, the education system in the family pitched in do!, food, clothing, and holidays were fun celebrations aspects of society, superintendent... Family pitched in to do whatever was necessary was slowly becoming obsolete reformers admired. Into future citizens at their desks to eat school, in the minds young. Society, the boys then attended the Winter session taught the first school in is! Skills such as gardening, spinning and land clearing from other family members few special and. & 1970s and has always subscribed to pioneer schools in the 1800s Midwest, farmers there also opposed a state...
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