His perverted imagination was captured by the possibilities of biological and chemical warfare, and in the Japan of the 1920s and '30s, he found supporters in the increasingly nationalistic and fanatical military. Had difficulties opening the eyes. Professional people, too, like to play. [68], In 2002, Changde, China, site of the plague flea bombing, held an "International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare", which estimated that the number of people slaughtered by the Imperial Japanese Army germ warfare and other human experiments was around 580,000. While most documents captured by the US in Europe were microfilmed before being returned to their respective governments, the Department of Defense decided to not microfilm its vast collection of documents before returning them to the Japanese government. [95] Seiichi Morimura in his book The Devil's Feast went into some greater detail regarding this escape attempt. They show what humans are capable of when they are given free rein to experiment on other human beings. They sweated themselves to death under the heat of several hot dry fans. [52][53] Massive amounts of blood were drained from some prisoners in order to study the effects of blood loss according to former Unit731 vivisectionist Okawa Fukumatsu. Its head was Lieutenant Shiro Ishii. "The Imperial Japanese Experiments in China". Injecting the blister fluid from one subject into another subject and analyses of blood and soil were also performed. None of the Japanese scientists in Unit 731 was ever punished. None at all. Each cell door had a small window in it. He later testified about the playfulness of the experimenters:[24], Some of the experiments had nothing to do with advancing the capability of germ warfare, or of medicine. [27][28] In a video interview, former Unit731 member Okawa Fukumatsu admitted to having vivisected a pregnant woman. The idea seems to have been to translate the teams findings into civilian medicine, but if Unit 731s researchers ever published these results, the papers seem not to have survived the war years. A former member of the Special Team (who insisted on anonymity) recalled in 1995 his first vivisection conducted at the Unit: He didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down. In this way, Unit 731 was performing the service of human experimentation for the entire Japanese medical community, in an on-going feedback loop. A large area of scratches on his chest were bleeding. Sixty minutes later the pulse was 106 per minute and the temperature was 39.4 degrees. Unit731 tested many different chemical agents on prisoners and had a building dedicated to gas experiments. They were strapped, unprotected, to wooden planks that were staked into the ground at increasing distances around a bomb that was then detonated. The trial of the Japanese perpetrators was held in Khabarovsk in December1949; a lengthy partial transcript of trial proceedings was published in different languages the following year by the Moscow foreign languages press, including an English-language edition. Unit 731 - Japans Secret Human Experiments Disturban History 236K subscribers Subscribe 22K 702K views 1 year ago Formed in response to western powers developing their own chemical and. 126134, Human Lab Rats: Japanese Atrocities, the Last Secret of World War II (Penthouse, May 2000). Listen above to the History Uncovered podcast, episode 51: Unit 731, also available on. [11] The majority of research subjects were Chinese, but many were of different nationalities.[1]. When AB type blood 120 cc was transfused to an O type subject, an hour later the subject described malaise and psychroesthesia in both legs. [69][70] In addition to Chinese casualties, 1,700 Japanese troops in Zhejiang during Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to unleash the biological agent, indicating serious issues with distribution. Unit731 and the other units of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department operated biological weapon production, testing, deployment, and storage facilities. The gruesome professionalism of Unit 731 included a touch of sardonic humor. He made this unimaginable sound, he was screaming so horribly. The effectiveness of various weapons was of obvious interest to the Japanese Army. [63] Although this article drew criticism, Yoshimura denied any guilt when contacted by a reporter from the Mainichi Shimbun. In 1932, Surgeon General Shir Ishii (, Ishii Shir), chief medical officer of the Imperial Japanese Army and protg of Army Minister Sadao Araki, was placed in command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (AEPRL). [6], One graduate of Unit 1644, Masami Kitaoka, continued to perform experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956. A portion has been preserved and is open to visitors as a War Crimes Museum. The unit conducted cruel and inhumane . [7][8] On 28 August 2002, Tokyo District Court ruled that Japan had committed biological warfare in China and consequently had slaughtered many residents. [66] This original data is seen in the attached figure. In 1958, Japanese author Shsaku End published the book The Sea and Poison about human experimentation in Fukuoka, which is thought to have been based on a real incident. There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. The victims came from different nationalities, with the majority being Chinese and a significant minority being Russian. Japanese personnel in protective suits carry a stretcher through Yiwu, China during Unit 731s germ warfare tests. [119] Later in that decade, journalists suspected that the murders attributed by the government to Sadamichi Hirasawa were actually carried out by members of Unit731. Epiphora. November 1940. Ishii ordered every member of the group to disappear and "take the secret to the grave". Chief of the Personnel Division of the Kwantung Army Headquarters Tamura Tadashi testified that, when he was shown the inner-prison, he looked into the cells and saw living people in chains, some moved around, others were lying on the bare floor and were in a very sick and helpless condition. Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in various positions. Inside Unit 731 and Japan's Human Experiments in WW2 By Carl Seaver From 1939 to 1945, the world witnessed the deadliest war in history, as over 30 countries wound together in acrimony, strife, and bloodshed, leading to a war that claimed the lives of more than 100 million people all over the world. While male prisoners were often used in single studies, so that the results of the experimentation on them would not be clouded by other variables, women were sometimes used in bacteriological or physiological experiments, sex experiments, and as the victims of sex crimes. [1] Japan's occupation of Manchuria began in 1931 after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Victims included not only kidnapped men, women (including pregnant women) and children but also babies born from the systemic rape perpetrated by the staff inside the compound. [42] The plan was scheduled to launch on 22September 1945, but Japan surrendered five weeks earlier.[43][44][45]. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese", "CIA Special Collection ISHII, SHIRO_0005", "United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency", "Ruling recognizes Unit 731 used germ warfare in China", "Japan - Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University", "Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus", "Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering", "Unmasking Horror: A special report. They spanned all the way to Singapore, as well, with Unit 9420.Unit 731 was just one out of several, but it became infamous once the extent and variety of its atrocities became known to the public. It also operated a secret research and experimental school in Shinjuku, central Tokyo. The subject was not pursued further by Sutton, who was probably unaware of Unit731's activities. reveals distressing evidence of Unit 731 experiments involving US prisoners and the use of British as control groups in Northern China, Hainau . His brain would be extracted off to the pathologist, and then to the crematorium for the usual disposal. Once at the inner-prison, technicians would take samples of the prisoners' blood and stool, test their kidney function, and collect other physical data. I sanitised his whole body with disinfectant. One prisoner was a 21-year-old Chinese woman, the other a Soviet girl who was 19years of age. The hypothetical possibility of vertical transmission (from mother to child) of diseases, particularly syphilis, was the stated reason for the torture. [93] The "special team" worked in these two inner-prison buildings. [117] As the chief of the unit, Shiro Ishii was granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes by the American occupation authorities, because he had provided human experimentation research materials to them. They performed many experiments on live and dead prisoners of war that were crimes against humanity - including vivisection, intentional infection of individuals with diseases such as the plague and syphilis, and forced rape and pregnancy for further use in experimentation. 431968pp. [112] Whereas the perpetrators of Unit 731 were exempt from prosecution, the U.S. held a tribunal in Yokohama in 1948 that indicted nine Japanese physician professors and medical students for conducting vivisection upon captured American pilots; two professors were sentenced to death and others to 1520 years' imprisonment.[112]. "The fellow knew that it was over for him, and so he didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down, but when I picked up the scalpel, that's when he began screaming. In response, in February2011 the Ministry of Health began to excavate the site. [84], No one who entered Unit731 came out alive. [85] The vehicle would pull up at the main gates and one of the drivers would go to the guardroom and report to the guard. Thousands of men and women, mostly Chinese communist captives as well as children and elderly farmers, were infected with diseases such as cholera and the plague, then had their organs removed for examination before they died in order to study the effects of the disease without the decomposition that occurs after death. [1] The Americans co-opted the researchers' bioweapons information and experience for use in their own biological warfare program, much like what had been done with Nazi German researchers in Operation Paperclip. Inmates of these facilities were infected with several of the most lethal pathogens known to science, such as Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and pneumonic plague, and typhus, which the Japanese hoped would spread from person to person after being deployed and depopulate disputed areas. Unit members orchestrated forced sex acts between infected and noninfected prisoners to transmit the disease, as the testimony of a prison guard on the subject of devising a method for transmission of syphilis between patients shows: Infection of venereal disease by injection was abandoned, and the researchers started forcing the prisoners into sexual acts with each other. Flamethrowers were tested on humans. Victims who pulled through were shot, but those who got sickest fastest were bled to death on a mortuary table, and their blood was used to transfect other captives, the sickest of whom would themselves be bled to transfer the most virulent strain to yet another generation. [72], At least 3,000 men, women, and children[3]:117[71]from which at least 600 every year were provided by the Kenpeitai[73]were subjected to Unit731 experimentation conducted at the Pingfang camp alone, not including victims from other medical experimentation sites such as Unit 100. The report describes conditions of every subject precisely without mentioning what happened to them in the long run. Less discussed than the Holocaust forced on Jewish people during World War II, Unit 731 is Japan's covert biological and chemical research division that primarily operated in China between 1932 and 1945. [89] Once deemed healthy and fit for experimentation, prisoners lost their names and were given a three-digit number, which they retained until their death. Skeleton crews of Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the final days of the war to destroy evidence of their activities, but many were sturdy enough to remain somewhat intact. At the time of his arrival in Japan, he had no knowledge of what Unit731 was. Two hours later the temperature was 37.7 degrees, and three hours later the subject recovered. Skin of the face still weeping. Some of the agents tested were mustard gas, lewisite, cyanic acid gas, white phosphorus, adamsite, and phosgene gas. All under the auspices of the US govt, ofc. These books purported to reveal the "true" operations of Unit731, but falsely attributed unrelated photos to the Unit, which raised questions about their accuracy. Unit 731 personnel conduct a bacteriological trial upon a test subject in Nongan County of northeast Chinas Jilin Province. Thousands of prisoners were killed in cruel human experiments at Unit 731, which was based near the northeastern China city of Harbin, north of the Korean peninsula and on a border with Russia. To determine the best course of treatment for varying degrees of shrapnel wounds sustained on the field by Japanese Soldiers, Chinese prisoners were exposed to direct bomb blasts. [128], Japanese history textbooks usually contain references to Unit731, but do not go into detail about allegations, in accordance with this principle. Most or all Units had branch offices, which were also often referred to as "Units". Unit 731 started out as a research unit, investigating the effects of disease and injury on the fighting ability of an armed force. Technician Naokata Ishibashi interacted with two female prisoners. . Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. Meanwhile, prolonged X-ray exposure sterilized and killed thousands of research participants, as well as inflicting horrible burns when the emitting plates were miscalibrated or held too close to the subjects nipples, genitals, or faces. [6] American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including reading and censoring their mail. [127] The Japanese government hesitantly acknowledged the unit's existence in the late 1990s, but has refused to discuss its activities. [75][76][77] Vivisections were also conducted on native Filipinos in the Philippines. In April2018, the National Archives of Japan disclosed a nearly complete list of 3,607members of Unit731 to Katsuo Nishiyama, a professor at Shiga University of Medical Science. Evil is as evil does. One group was clothed with Chinese underwear, no hat, and no mask and was subjected to as much as 1,800 field gun rounds of yperite gas over 25minutes. Even if they had managed to escape the quadrangle (itself a heavily fortified building full of staff), they would have had to get over a three-meter-high (9.8ft) brick wall surrounding the complex, and then across a dry moat filled with electrified wire running around the perimeter of the complex (which can be seen in aerial pictures of the Unit).[97]. Fetal survival and damage to mother's reproductive organs were objects of interest. Yoshimura Hisato, a physiologist assigned to Unit 731, took a special interest in hypothermia. Others were deliberately infected with plague bacteria and other microbes. The facility itself was built in 1935 as a replacement for the Zhongma Fortress, and Ishii and his team used it to expand their capabilities. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed", "(RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage)", "Interview with former Unit 731 member Nobuo Kamada", "Vivisectionist recalls his day of reckoning", "Unmasking Horror -- A special report. Hisato then tried different methods for rapid rewarming of the frozen appendage. Listen above to the History Uncovered podcast, episode 51: Unit 731, also available on Apple and Spotify. No findings of fact were made about the existence of human experimentation, but the courts' ruling was that reparations are determined by international treaties, not national courts. There was space between the outer walls of the cells and the outer walls of the prison, enabling the guards to walk behind the cells. Its records were mostly burned, destroying any useful information the team had managed to generate in 13 years of research. Xinhua via Getty ImagesJapanese personnel in protective suits carry a stretcher through Yiwu, China during Unit 731s germ warfare tests. A contemporary treatment, a primitive chemotherapy agent called Salvarsan, was sometimes administered over a period of months to observe the side effects, however. "[68] The children of these women were tested in ways similar to their parents, with specific emphasis on determining how longer infection periods affected the effectiveness of treatments. Unit 731 was housed within 150 buildings with a staff of 3,000. World War II devastated the lives of more than 100 million people around the world. Insisting on anonymity, the former Japanese medical assistant recounted his first experience in dissecting a live human being, who had been deliberately infected with the plague, for the purpose of developing "plague bombs" for war. Subjects had limbs amputated and reattached to the other side of the body, while others had their limbs crushed or frozen, or had the circulation cut off to observe the progress of gangrene. [5] These operations killed tens of thousands with bubonic plague epidemics. Wikimedia CommonsGeneral Shiro Ishii, the commander of Unit 731. Members of the Unit referred to Yoshimura as a "scientific devil" and a "cold-blooded animal" because he would conduct his work with strictness. That staff member decided to enter the cell. Then, the lesson over, the surgeon pulled out a gun and shot and killed the patient.[78][79][80] A member of the Yokusan Sonendan paramilitary political youth branch, who worked for Unit731, stated that not only were Chinese, Russians, and Koreans present, but also Americans, British, and French people. Some of the prisoners managed to jump out but these were only the bold ones. 1936-1945: Unit 731 the Asian Auschwitz was a massive biological warfare research program of the Japanese Imperial Army under the command of Lt. General Dr. Ishii Shiro in Pin Fang, Manchuria outside the city of Harbin. [88] One of the prisons housed women and children (Building8), while the other prison housed men (Building7). The prison cells had wooden floors and a squat toilet in each. [11] They viewed the Chinese as no cost research subjects, and hoped that they could use this advantage to lead the world in biological warfare. ; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up", "The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal", "Unmasking Horror A special report. Official silence during the American occupation of Japan, Post-occupation Japanese media coverage and debate, Significance in postwar research on bio-warfare and medicine, Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II (Pacific Theater). All levels of the Japanese court system found the suit baseless. Associated Press/LIFE via Wikimedia CommonsA Japanese soldier uses a Chinese mans body for bayonet practice near Tianjin, China. Though "a large number of babies were born in captivity", there have been no accounts of any survivors of Unit731, children included. It is suspected that the children of female prisoners were killed after birth or aborted.[68]. David C. Rapoport. This got the attention of a staff member who saw it as an unusual condition. Date unspecified. Female prisoners were forced to become pregnant for use in experiments. The Ministry for Education attempted to remove this passage from his textbook before it was taught in public schools, on the basis that the testimony was insufficient. Members of Unit 731 were not immune from being subjects of experiments. The fleas were then packed in dust and sealed inside clay bomb casings. . One one occasion, he demanded a human brain to experiment on, so guards grabbed a prisoner and held him down while one of them hacked. The unit is estimated to have killed between 200,000 and 300,000 people. One element of the unit, called Maruta, took this research a little further than the usual bounds of medical ethics by observing injuries and the course of disease on living patients. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: "one was a Chinese woman holding an infant, one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven. The purpose of these tests was to determine the amount of water in an individual's body and to see how long one could survive with a very low to no water intake. Covered with millet-seed-size to bean-size blisters. "[111], While German physicians were brought to trial and had their crimes publicized, the U.S. concealed information about Japanese biological warfare experiments and secured immunity for the perpetrators. After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. Their deteriorating health was recorded. [124][125] Harris speculates that US scientists generally wanted to acquire it due to the concept of forbidden fruit, believing that lawful and ethical prohibitions could affect the outcomes of their research. In other tests, subjects were deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death; placed into low-pressure chambers until their eyes popped from the sockets; experimented upon to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival; hung upside down until death; crushed with heavy objects; electrocuted; dehydrated with hot fans;[49] placed into centrifuges and spun until death; injected with animal blood, notably with horse blood; exposed to lethal doses of X-rays; subjected to various chemical weapons inside gas chambers; injected with seawater; and burned or buried alive. 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