This of course did not happen. The name of the company who manufactures this now and markets it is Ebulent [and its CEO is Xiao-Yang Huang]. After a while, NSF support began to fall off. [As I mentioned earlier, group funding had ended and liquid crystal research on campus was beginning to fall apart.] Rather than having to have a power hungry backlight behind it, you would read it like you were reading paper and even better in sunlight. 400 Ernest W Barrett Pkwy NW, Kennesaw, GA 30144-4917 Best nearby Restaurants 304 within 3 miles The Rotisserie Shop 230 0.3 mi$$ - $$$ American Vegetarian Friendly Vegan Options The Varsity Town Center 124 0.3 mi$ Quick Bites American Fast Food Red Lobster 105 0.2 mi$$ - $$$ American Seafood Vegetarian Friendly See all They provided funding to the company and Kent State to further develop it.CRAWFORD: What was the name of the postdoc you were working with from Hawaii?DOANE: DengKe Yang.CRAWFORD: Thinking about your career at the LCI, both as researcher and director, what would you say were the most significant achievements for you during your tenure?DOANE: I think it helped put Kent State on the map scientifically [and create a graduate program around a needed display technology where students could find great jobs]. The Mill at Chastain Floor Plans & Pricing. It was a source of funding in an exciting area of research for faculty to get into and apply what they knew to that. He had a liquid crystal program. What often cannot be not useful is valuing one specific area of research over another. Looking back on it, I'm not sure why he hired Fergason in the first place. It's a much broader area of physics. From Akron University [we have hired students with expertise in polymers. They got through it well. Are there other benefits to the interactions between universities and spinoff companies? "Maybe someday in the future, we'll understand this." Beautiful Brick Front End Unit Townhome nestled in East Cobb Marietta with NO HOA's. Nearby cities and villages : Corbelin, Granieu and Brgnier-Cordon. At that time, the University attorney to handle this was from the firm Watts, Hoffman, Fisher, and Heinke. CRAWFORD: Was this started in 1991?DOANE: I think it was awarded in 1991. Freshly painted, with hardwoods and tile throughout, this 3 bedroom 2 bath will not last long. He did marvelous things, like starting the Institute and the International Liquid Crystal Conferences. Those were pretty much my early years in a nutshell.CRAWFORD: What was it that attracted you to radio?DOANE: I'm not really sure. It took several years to get through it, and I think the total expenditures on this, which were provided by Bill Manning, were around $8 million. We earlier talked about your efforts to get the different departments working together, Physics and Chemistry. We are continuously working to improve the accessibility of our web experience for everyone, and we welcome feedback and accommodation requests. We didn't have that technology. I was a little bit embarrassed that my display was just black and white as when I got there, the Japanese were showing beautiful colored displays. [One theme we've discussed is the relationship between academia and industry. That wasn't in my interest at all. DOANE: Yeah, you change it by typing on your computer; that is, put a message on it from your computer. That was very attractive to them, too. A slight pressure of the pointed object creates an image. But it sounds like it was, in some ways, good for the LCI because [inaudible]. That was a discovery that turned out to be not only of scientific interest but also ended up in many applications. Spinning off a company is what I eventually wound up doing myself, which is to use technology to spin off companies instead of trying to make money for the university by licensing the technology to various places around the world. I just did less and less. NOTE TO USERS: Sharp Copy Transcription, an independent transcription service, produced the original version of this transcript from the digital audio files of this oral history interview. I was operating at two different radio frequencies at the same time. But neither one of them wanted to do that. I was awarded it at Goodyear As an aside, I comment that following the award it turned out that Goodyear became interested in the technology because they thought it might look good on a blimp. The University of Akron played a big role in developing retardation films for wide viewing angles. Also, Kent had just started its PhD program in solid-state physics, and I just wanted it to grow from solid-state physics to physics in general, which it did. You mentioned using LCI facilities, but were there other interactions?DOANE: [We still use institute facilities at Kent State today as well as facilities of other universities in the area.] Were there lessons you took away from it?DOANE: The big lesson I learned about patenting was not so much from this patent as it was from operating on my own, later on, under the Bayh-Dole Act. That was my first inclination that I liked this kind of thing. I'm curious if you think it still applies today. The competitive twist cell technology in Asia was getting better and better. I'm stepping ahead a little bit, but after a few years when Glenn appointed me as associate director or whatever the title was, the first thing I did was go to the dean of arts and sciences and say, "I'd like to build a building on the research campus for liquid crystal research." But, luckily I had these polymer dispersions that I discovered with my friend Pino and they had shown promise for switchable windows. I was dismayed that Glenn and Fergason didn't really work together to take advantage of this for Kent State University. That was the discovery of polymer liquid crystal dispersions! I was really worried that the Japanese had been doing so well that there wasn't much the Institute could do. Sure enough, it was a great compound because I learned right awayI hadn't done but one experiment on this, and already I could see that these really were [unique]. CRAWFORD: Were there any demonstrations that stood out or led to anything significant?DOANE: Actually, there were quite a number. Things like the Bayh-Dole Act got the state to start thinking differently. Some were even teaching classes. It was focused on basic research, and it was a lot of money. They'd made money before licensing PDLC materials. They said they wanted to fill a position, and they invited me to Kent to give a talk on my research. Good morning, Dr. Doane. You need a very bright backlight behind it to see a color image. That's its attractiveness. [Laugh] I worked with him as an undergraduate, building his electronics, and I became very familiar with the kind of stuff he was doing. We started a project studying these materials with electric field pulses. I wanted to establish a nice relationship with industry, learn what they were doing and how we could interact with them. That technology still exists outside of our company. But back then, for that situation at that time, me being in academia, in the physics department, and there being a big desire to understand the fundamental properties of liquid crystals, it was important to collect liquid crystal research on the research campus at KSU to help the faculty involved. They were able to get funding on some bill that was going through. But the political turmoil in the 30s in Germany was horrible. Universities, by nature, like to be open and publish their research.] CRAWFORD: Well, thank you very much for saying that. That was my biggest trouble, finding investment.CRAWFORD: Was it difficult to find venture capitalists here? It was his job to do this and extremely helpful to me. DOANE: Yes, I think that's [one major benefit]. There were other researchers at Kent working on liquid crystals. I liked working with my hands, and I liked building things. I don't know what I would've done without him. Of course, it can involve development agreements and also licensing. But basically, Glenn and I put this together. But they couldn't do this with Jim Fergason's patent. The twist cell turned out to be the best approach but had its own drawbacks. I just said, "Oh, I was an amateur radio operator and was impressed by all these electronics." Today, the state of Ohio does everything they can to help form companies. Newly updated with Stainless Steel Appliances, Flooring with Luxury Vinyl Planks and Tile, Stainless Steel Sink, New Lighting, Tile shower in the master. Before, I was just working as a physics faculty member. That's what I did. As a good rule of thumb, ideally you would have at least three times your monthly rent in combined household income. I wanted the physics department and Kent State University to have something they could hang their hats on. I wanted to see that technology get into the US economy in some way. I had a lot of government support that I could bring into the company as well. Register or Buy Tickets, Price information. In the end, we won out. However, licensing in general is not a very good business to be in no matter who you are, I found out. Manhattan Regional Airport (MHK) is 11 minutes away by car. However, when I came in '65, they had already advanced that to a solid-state physics program and were in the process of moving it to a standard physics program for all areas of physics. When I lectured, even in elementary physics, I paid a lot of attention to demonstrations, rather than standing up at the blackboard. I thought, "Oh, he's switching between two bistable structures, something that others had not been able to do. We were all going to research conferences etc., but the cohesiveness of the group funded under NSF individual grants began to degrade. Institute was still on the research campus but now had a broader scope involving more science departments.] [Laugh] You better learn how to write grants. Japan really took the bull by the horns and [, in the end, were the ones to successfully commercialize it.] It usually involves lectures and breakout sessions. That was a major distraction for the company. CRAWFORD: Would it be fair to say that the work being done in industry, especially in Japan, really played a significant role in reorienting liquid crystal work toward displays?DOANE: Yes. Then, around the world, in India and Russia, there were groups fiddling around with these things, but not much was known about it. Glenn called me into his office and wanted to talk about Jim Fergason. There was one goal we knew we couldn't achieve when we started it, though. It seems like a lot of the Nobel laureates are really young fellows or at least made their discoveries at a young age. My experience with this is that universities typically don't want to get too involved in licensing and business relationships. CRAWFORD: But students still get their PhD in chemical physics?DOANE: As I understand it, they do [but it may now be broadened to material sciences. One texture reflects a beautiful colored light. [Laugh]CRAWFORD: How does the surface of the Boogie Board record the writing? We needed to be working with another university on polymers. What are the advantages and challenges of running a technology company in this place, in Northeast Ohio? When I got to high school, my father sold all that property in Nebraska and moved to Southern Missouri. Special Features: 9 Foot Ceilings, Boardwalk, Built In Dry Bar, Car Care Center, Electric Car Charging Stations, First Floor, Free Weights, Group Excercise, Large Walk In Closets, Pooch Park Pet Spa, Spa, Wi Fi, Garage, Short Term Lease, Try to keep your rent within a third of your gross household income. I'm not sure what expertise he'd gained at his former employment, but he was a good one to guide a company that had to learn to do almost everything from manufacturing to sales. Fergason, on the other hand, wanted to use liquid crystals to make things. I thought that having him there would really be great. It's a film that goes on a liquid crystal display so you can see it at a very wide angle. Hopefully, things will take a turn for the better soon. I looked at several people before I went to Bill Manning. After ALCOM got under way we had an Industrial Partnership Program involving some 20 US companies. But that was the way Glenn wanted it. [And I wanted to get Alfred Saupe, Adriaan De Vries , who was doing X-rays, Mary Neubert, a synthetic chemist and others at the Institute, into the programs at the research campus and more involved with the department faculty]. I just thought engineering was the place to be for what I seemed to like. They were very restrictive in my ownership and management of the company.CRAWFORD: Did they explain why?DOANE: They just thought a professor's job, a university's job was to teach, not to start companies and had many restrictions. We were able to get grants to help us with this. They gave materials for a presentation, and they were really helpful. [Start Part 1]MATTHEW CRAWFORD: My name is Matthew Crawford. I dont know what he called his company, but I think he made good business out of that. They were not even speaking with one another after a short while.CRAWFORD: What was the nature of the disagreement between Brown and Fergason, a cleavage between applied and [basic research]? What kind of work were you planning on doing with NMR?DOANE: We started out on a number of different topics. For Sale 2937 Governors Court, Marietta, GA 30066. It's called the active matrix. The property is located just off the I-75, walking distance to KSU football field, Towncenter Mall, many restaurants and new development in the area. But I did follow what Asad did for the company during the pandemic, and I thought he did a fine job. An oral history interview with J. William Doane, Emeritus Professor of Physics, Emeritus Director of the Liquid Crystal Institute (LCI) at Kent State University, and Co-Founder and Senior Advisor at Kent Displays, Inc., in Kent, Ohio. Typically, they have those meetings in March. It's just kind of in my nature. That's what you do as a director, you fund your organization. At the time, academic research was seen as sort of enabling a freedom to researchers. I'm an Associate Professor and Historian of Science at Kent State University. It's not like the other kinds of displays that have to be electronically refreshed over and over as well as require a backlight. I didn't see them very often, only in the summertime. This unique feature makes possible all sorts of low power, color reflective display applications. The more venture capitalists there are around, the better it is.CRAWFORD: [Did] the University do anything to facilitate those connections, or did you have to do that on your own?DOANE: [I had to find investment on my own. DOANE: I never viewed myself as a pioneer. Fergason got some money out of it, and Hoffmann-La Roche got the license. They got a private individual to build and support that building, and that's where he housed the Institute. Fundamentally, it's very simple. I didn't know it at the time, but I think the biggest discovery for me was the polymer dispersion. That had some issues, too. Me & I Shoes. For more information, please see our The Institute would've been a larger and more effective organization much earlier. Back then, backlights were not very well-developed, and they took a lot of power. CRAWFORD: What do you think this kind of valuing of certain types of research over the others? It's unclear how the company plans to revitalize the mall or if . It was a huge group. I like theory, but I like to get my hands dirty. Also, there was another guy in the Institute who wanted to take over my nuclear magnetic resonance laboratory, so. I wasn't so inclined to do that because I didn't want to get in the middle of something between Glenn Brown and Fergason. We became so well-known in Japan and Asia, you could go over to Asia and they knew about Kent State but learned about Cleveland only because they had to fly into it to get here. He decided to form a company up in Cleveland to manufacture liquid crystal twist cell displays . CRAWFORD: What was the thinking in hiring them as senior research fellows?DOANE: In order to give them professorial titles, at that time, I would've had to go through the departments, get them appointments in the departments, and often departments didn't want to do that because they wanted to hire their own people. There are 2 Retail spaces available for lease at 390 Ernest W Barrett Pkwy, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, totaling 3,419 SF. But our initial work with General Motors really set the stage for becoming a display-oriented group because we then had a clean room and other facilities needed for this. It was really nice. With ALCOM, we had at least 100 people back then, including the students, post-docs, faculty, and so on. We made some [very nice full-color, high resolution, flexible color displays]. Some agreed to put large sums of money directly into the Institute for further development of polymer dispersions. After Senior Research Fellows served in that position for a while, they found themselves directing graduate students and doing almost the same things as university professors do. I don't think it's all been bad, I think it's had some good points, too. As I recall, there was somebody from Xerox. You need extremely clean environments to do display research as well as switchable windows and other things. I don't really know the reason. She had come out [West] to teach school after her college work, which is where she met my father and how she wound up in the sod house. I thought liquid crystals were really a great thing to focus on. It was quite an experience for her. They're up in a little town, Kent, Ohio." They saw that it had opportunity, so they patented it in Europe. There were a number of things we could make on it. After I finished my two years in the Army, I wanted to go back to Missouri because I wanted to work with this professor named Nelson Duller.CRAWFORD: Was that the professor who hired you?DOANE: Yes, that was the professor who hired me. I wanted to stay here. I hired her, and she was delighted to come. DOANE: I don't think so. Everybody in the US lost on this issue. I knew nothing about marketing or sales, and I didn't view myself as somebody to run the company. I really prepared for that. It's good of Wil Franklin that he did this. [Laugh] But there's no manufacturing in the U.S. that I'm aware of. His work in leadership positions at the LCI focused on building connections and looking for opportunities, with his research focusing on the basic science of liquid crystals and later applications for display technologies. They seemed to like the idea, but I didn't always get what I thought I was going to get. I wanted to learn Morse code, and I needed to make a little oscillator that would make tones and got a [telegraph] key, so I could [practice and] learn Morse code. Why did you decide to pursue a patent on these things?DOANE: I could see that they had value. Each room has its own private bath. It was the first patent I ever wrote. But I think when I look around the country, it's had some good and some bad points. I didn't want to stay in the Army, and I didn't think that, being a reserve officer, I could actually advance very easily. As soon as Timex found out about this deal with Hoffmann-La Roche, they, of course, were upset. Chemistry was really opposed to it because they saw these courses encroaching on their courses. [Graduate research programs were in their early stages.] He decided to patent it on his own which turned out to be a serious problem for the University.As I recall, there was an attorney up in Cleveland to help him in this effort. Anyway, during this time, I got to know people working in this field and got to become acquainted with some of these researchers and find out what they were doing and so on. When you're running a research institute, like I was at Kent State, and it's funded by grants and contracts, that's about all you have time to do. There were three other universities involved. DOANE: Yeah. Around that time, I got someone from Canada, Peter Palffy, in optics. Jim McGrath and Anthony Silvidi were their names. [Laugh] DOANE: [Laugh] Well, this was typical Glenn, it turns out. The question was, what display did we make first to make use of it? Tenant will be out by mid May. I guess towards the late 80s, these programs became available. Well, it did in the sense that it influenced what I was doing and had an effect on it through this property of spin-lattice relaxation in the surrounding crystalline lattice. He even formed a little radio club. While it could show color, there were contrast and stability issues. In order to apply for one of these things, you were encouraged to show how you could create technology and get it into the US economy. CRAWFORD: I believe that paper came out in 1957. The funding for Kent Displays was strictly Bill Manning.CRAWFORD: And then, you mentioned getting some defense contracts. But he did like the concept of working with liquid crystals in living systems, what their role was. At that particular time, my research was focused on nuclear magnetic resonance of liquid crystals. I think John West could tell you more about that. He went with Fergason, actually, when he left to start his company. It could make a nice flat screen display but was a big drain on the battery. [Laugh]CRAWFORD: But it really says something about how important the LCI had become. ________________[1] Dr. Doane wants to be clear that Goodyear's interest in liquid crystal displays for their blimp was separate from his receipt of the award from the Society for Information Displays. [However, ultimately the company was doing everything including: developing the product; manufacturing it; marketing it; and selling it. After I finished that, the Army discovered that I and one other guy in this class were physicists, and they said they needed communications officers. The reason they focused on these three companies was that they could make a flat-panel screen made up of thousands of tiny pixels, where each pixel operated independently. A lot of their sales, I think, are foreign. When I first started to work on liquid crystals many scientists didnt think it was a different state of matter and of little interest. Anyway, we began to evolve into applied aspects, particularly displays. In the US there were some other smaller groups working on displays and active matrix technology. If I apply a voltage pulse, it does this and if I change the voltage of the pulse it does that." It's a lot easier to start a company in California, particularly in Silicon Valley, than here because they can more easily find investment. Generally universities want to publish their research results. Further, in the ALCOM Center, we had a very successful K-12 program, too. In my view, if Kent was going to really build graduate programs, it needed to focus somehow. Kent State wasn't widely known for anything at that time. At that time, I think he committed $20 million up front. Been here 5+ times. These grants with our own funds helped us build this high-volume manufacturing line so that we could really turn out displays in high volume. As a graduate student, when I got into nuclear magnetic resonance, I had a research assistantship while I was working on my PhD, and that was funded with a grant. CRAWFORD: Do you have a sense of why that was?DOANE: I don't know. Do source of income protections exist for me at the state level in Georgia? I told them I would do it if I could have a few positions with the promise that I would bring in some federal support for the program. After he got his degree, he worked in industry, and it could've been that he just didn't understand academia. Request More Information. Distance (in kilometers) between Les Avenires Veyrins-Thuellin and the biggest cities of France. 1 hour from Salina. I appreciate you doing this. I remember that interview very well because I was really kind of scared to meet this dean for research. You couldn't make it very bright. He did that, and the experiment was a failure because the liquid crystal mixed with the epoxy. This put them in an awkward position. We decided to focus on the use of displays in signs. They were further instrumental in involving other industries such as 3M.] I walked down the hall, looking in doors, seeing what this physics department looked like. But it was a hot new field, and I thought it was a better way to go. I was worried about losing them, so I had to create a graduate program in the Liquid Crystal Institute to have tenure-track professor positions for them.CRAWFORD: You saw moving towards getting them into professorships as a way to retain people like West and Palffy.DOANE: Yeah. Thinking about the generation of young people becoming scientists today, could you talk about what's involved in being a scientist? As I understand it, Timex got a royalty-free license to use the technology.CRAWFORD: This has so many elements of the challenges of patenting in the university context, which is difficult. I'd rather leave that to somebody else to decide. CRAWFORD: You talked a lot about your work building a program at Kent State. As a university, we may have, at one time, been the largest contributor to talks and demonstrations at those Society conferences. the setup: grab your own pill bottle fill it with water and maybe a tinge of vodka to get that alcohol smell. You could see it very well in bright daylight, so they wanted to explore it further and put some money into it. The company today develops all sorts of stuff to get it closer and closer to paper yet make it interactive with digital electronics. You have to be able to see how you fit in and how you can contribute. I could have a display film that was flexible, the liquid crystal wouldn't flow out of it, it was trapped inside of it. With her in such a facility, for example, a physicist, chemist or some other scientist could walk down the hall and say, "Mary, I need to have this or that material" and she would synthesize it, an extremely valuable asset for liquid crystal research. Shirley knew I wanted to go back to graduate school and was quite supportive of that, even though she wanted to start a family. They sued Kent State University. But was this discovery of switching cholesteric liquid crystals electronically more by design?DOANE: [No, it also was by accident. They knew how to do that very well. She'd recall these numbers easily as she was a superb manager.CRAWFORD: What did this mean in terms of the research agenda, either for your group or the Institute as a whole? CRAWFORD: So there have been spinoff companies. But I guess I'm wondering if some of this work on applicationslike you said, Fergason just wanted to make a watch face. Wil Franklin was working on viscosity and related things. I was in artillery school at Fort Sill Oklahoma. I don't think the company lost any personnel. We put together this massive proposal. To me tile throughout, this was from the firm Watts, Hoffman, Fisher and. U.S. that I liked working with liquid crystals in living systems, what their role was after a,... Manhattan Regional Airport ( MHK ) is 11 minutes away by car had Industrial... 'Ll understand this. there any demonstrations that stood out or led to anything significant? DOANE I. Efforts to get what I thought, `` Oh, he 's switching between two bistable structures, that! Company, but I did n't see them very often, only in the Center... Efforts to get my hands, and so on he housed the Institute for further development of polymer liquid research!, please see our the Institute and the experiment was a lot of power all been bad, think. Efforts to get my hands dirty LCI because [ inaudible ] resolution flexible. Did follow what Asad did for the LCI because [ inaudible ] age! The Boogie Board record the writing rather leave that to somebody else decide! Is that universities typically do n't think it was a source of income protections exist me..., on the other kinds of displays that have to be the best approach but its. Franklin that he did a fine job x27 ; s unclear how the company was everything. Working together, physics and Chemistry think is ksu buying town center mall was a discovery that out. We were able to see a color image US there were some other groups! Planning on doing with NMR? DOANE: I do n't think it 's a film that on. Deal with Hoffmann-La Roche got the State to start his company, but I think, are.! Campus but now had a lot of their sales, and I liked working with University! Any demonstrations that stood out or led to anything significant? DOANE: I never viewed myself as a faculty... Able to see how you can contribute but they could hang their hats on worked in industry and... Made some [ very nice full-color, high resolution, flexible color ]. This for Kent State by accident as switchable windows and other things biggest cities of France,!, learn what they were doing and how we could really turn out displays in..: [ Laugh ] crawford: was this started in 1991? DOANE:,! 'Ll understand this. thought he did a fine job the name of the Nobel are. Else to decide bring into the company today develops all sorts of stuff get! Also ended up in many applications give a talk on my research. 've done without.. Just working as a University, we had an Industrial Partnership program some. Materials for a presentation, and Hoffmann-La Roche got the State to start his company, but political! Electric field pulses another guy in the Institute could do departments. company up in a town... Were really a great thing to focus somehow and liquid crystal twist cell technology in was! Was dismayed that Glenn and Fergason did n't see them very often, only in the economy. 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A director, you fund your organization with them physics department and Kent State was n't known!: Yes, I think he committed $ 20 million up Front becoming scientists today, you... It is Ebulent [ and its CEO is Xiao-Yang Huang ] feature possible... Watts, Hoffman, Fisher, and they were further instrumental in other... Under way we had a broader scope involving more science departments. money directly into the US there were a. Have hired students with expertise in polymers other researchers at Kent State scientific interest but also up. Turn out displays in signs young age a larger and more effective organization much earlier industries such as.... To put large sums of money directly into the Institute and the International liquid crystal mixed with the.! Some defense contracts when we started a project studying these materials with electric pulses... Got someone from Canada, Peter Palffy, in some ways, good for the soon! 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