Lipids 50, 483492. High-throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis. (2014). (2018). doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1383, Koch, M., Lemke, R., Heise, K.-P., and Mock, H.-P. (2003). 39, 4960. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03788-X. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8, Shibakami, M., and Sohma, M. (2018). Carbohydrate Polymers 93, 499505. E. gracilis has been a popular model organism and of considerable biotechnological interest, but the absence of a gene catalogue has hampered both basic research and translational efforts. HT cultivation with glucose as a carbon source in shake flasks usually reaches DW titres of ~12 g/L culture, whereas repeated-batch cultivation supplemented with potato liquor and glucose in a bioreactor (5 L working volume) was shown to reach ~23 g/L culture (antek et al., 2012; Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017). Kuhaudomlarp, S., Patron, N.J., Henrissat, B., Rejzek, M., Saalbach, G., and Field, R.A. (2018). Plant Sci. Occurrence of L-ascorbic acid in Euglena gracilis Z. A typical specimen of Euglena gracilis (Fig. The survival rate of paramylon-fed mice and of the control group were 70 and 0%, respectively, and the immune response (i.e., antibody titres, IL-2 production, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis activity) was significantly increased in the group fed with paramylon. Assembled and analysed the Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome in High Performance Computing (HPC) environment with practical experience in Linux environment, and PERL scripting languages. Accelerated wound healing on the skin using a film dressing with -glucan paramylon. Sci. Hydrolytic endo--1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain (Takeda et al., 2015). 28, 817830. Impact of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. Soc. Euglena, especially Euglena gracilis, is the most studied member of the Euglenaceae. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase. The typical ascorbate titre of a PT-cultivated E. gracilis is around 4 mg/g DW or 8 mg/L culture, whereas it is negligible for E. gracilis cultivated under HT conditions (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Hasan et al., 2017). The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Thermoplasticization of euglenoid -1,3-glucans by mixed esterification. Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). 35, 5868. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. (2017). Enzymes of the FA biosynthesis pathway in E. gracilis have been shown to be crucial for the quality of WE derived from E. gracilis. The lipid yield and the ratio of FAs/FAlcs to WEs have been shown to be strongly dependent on the cultivation conditions and the E. gracilis strain used (Tucci et al., 2010). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195329, Watanabe, T., Shimada, R., Matsuyama, A., Yuasa, M., Sawamura, H., Yoshida, E., et al. Unfortunately, the product yield of this reaction has not been reported (Bumer et al., 2001). doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100025, Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., Ianaro, A., Tenore, G.C., Pani, L., et al. Evaluation of growth characteristics of Euglena gracilis for microalgal biomass production using wastewater. In contrast, some vegetable oils (e.g., olive, sunflower, and wheat germ oil) are marketed as good sources of daily vitamin E intake, but only have maximum -tocopherol contents of 1.5 mg/g (Table 1), which further emphasises the commercial potential of E. gracilis as a viable candidate for industrial -tocopherol production (Psomiadou et al., 2000; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 29 April 2019; Published: 15 May 2019. Long incubation times and supplementation of the medium with a carbon source (MT cultivation) have been shown to maximise the overall -tocopherol yield due to an increase in the amount of cell mass. Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.167, Nakashima, A., Yamada, K., Iwata, O., Sugimoto, R., Atsuji, K., Ogawa, T., et al. doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Buetow, D.E. However, the product (laminaribiose) yield of the immobilisation approach in combination with the SP enzyme was just 20% (w/w) (Mller et al., 2016). 91, 3146. Rectangular and wedge-shaped segments consisting of these fibres are arranged to form granules, which can be synthesised by E. gracilis in different shapes like ellipses or rods (Figure 3B). (2017). (2018). Outdoor PT cultivation is considered the most economical option for the bulk production of microalgal biomass (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). (2017). J. Biotechnol. doi: 10.2527/af.2013-0010, Lei, C., Ito, T., Ugawa, M., Nozawa, T., Iwata, O., Maki, M., et al. The use of wastewater, municipal organic waste, compost or nutrition-rich waste products from the food industry such as potato liquor or dairy effluent could lower the costs by replacing or supplementing the HT growth medium with the additional benefit of potentially bioremediating these effluents (antek et al., 2012; Mahapatra et al., 2013; Yadavalli et al., 2014; Torihara and Kishimoto, 2015; Tossavainen et al., 2018). Accordingly, alkalised paramylon was shown to upregulate proinflammatory factors (COX-2, IL-6, NO, TNF- and translocation of NF-B) in human lymphomonocytes at a higher rate than the similarly treated commercial -glucan product MacroGuard, which is derived from S. cerevisiae (Russo et al., 2017). saccharophila. 54, 255259. A promising approach to enhance microalgae productivity by exogenous supply of vitamins. doi: 10.1038/nbt972, Ramazanov, A., and Ramazanov, Z. 304, 508514. It is a rich source of dietary protein, lipids -1,3-glucan, and -carotene. doi: 10.2965/jwet.2015.195, Tossavainen, M., Katyal Chopra, N., Kostia, S., Valkonen, K., Sharma, A.K., Sharma, S., et al. Euglena gracilis is rich in nutrients and high-value metabolites. Andrologia 50:e13088. J. Clin. Another indicator that paramylon has regulatory effects on the cells was a study on a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model (for rheumatoid arthritis), where 2% (w/w) paramylon in the diet relieved arthritis symptoms and decreased cytokine (IFN-, IL-6, and IL-17) levels, so the authors concluded a possible involvement of Th type 17 cells (Suzuki et al., 2018). Furthermore, substantial research has been performed to improve the WE yields specifically. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.148080, Disch, A., Schwender, J., Mller, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K., and Rohmer, M. (1998). Eur. Sci. Plate 1. 2019). Euglena gracilis, which began to appear 500 million years ago, is a species of unicellular organisms that live mostly in freshwater ( Goto and Beneragama, 2010) and has no cell walls, giving it dual characteristics of plants and animals, which enable this microalga to adopt photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions during Photochem. J. Biol. 2, 113. Mouse and rat studies, as well as experiments with different mammalian cell lines have been performed to determine the potential impact of the -1,3-glucan paramylon on human health. Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. So far, only two E. gracilis enzymes involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised, an endo--1,3-glucanase and a laminaribiose phosphorylase (LBP)/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase (-1,3-GP) involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised (Vogel and Barber, 1968; Takeda et al., 2015; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. J. doi: 10.1039/C0NP00018C, Barsanti, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., and Gualtieri, P. (2001). 97, 322329. Paramylon also can act as a potent antioxidant protecting mice from acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 treatment and was shown to alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice caused by a combination of streptozocin injection and high fat diet when orally administered at a dosage of 1 or 3 g/kg bodyweight (BW) per day, respectively (Sugiyama et al., 2009; Nakashima et al., 2018a). Int. Effects of growth conditions. Reported EPA and DHA titres in E. gracilis are negligible (Table 1) and apparently independent of cultivation conditions (light/dark cultivation) (Korn, 1964; Barsanti et al., 2000). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.001, Nakashima, A., Sugimoto, R., Suzuki, K., Shirakata, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Yoshida, C., et al. AC is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship (Project Number: ECF171114). doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01530.x, Hasan, M.T., Sun, A., Mirzaei, M., Te'o, J., Hobba, G., Sunna, A., et al. Cell Factories 16, 114. The protein content of E. gracilis is on a par with popular microalgal food supplements such as those sourced from Chlorella spp. In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. Method for Production of Euglena Containing Wax Ester at High Content, and Method for Production of Wax Ester. (1986). 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). Metabol. It was also shown that topical treatment of paramylon conjugated with hyaluronic acid at a concentration of 200 mg/mL can promote wound healing in rats to a higher degree than native paramylon. (Table 1) (de Oliveira et al., 1999; Tokuoglu and nal, 2003; Ramazanov and Ramazanov, 2006;Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). Bioprocess Eng. 48, 17701775. (2017). Nutr. Enzyme Microb. A more desirable balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-25, Shimada, I., Nakamura, Y., Kato, S., Mori, R., Ohta, H., Suzuki, K., et al. (2004). Washington, DC: United States Patent and Trademark Office. Synthesis of vitamin B1. a platform for investigating the contributions of E. gracilis and its relatives to the biosphere. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in eukaryotic phototrophs: a spotlight on algae. Med. Rounding of the cell body, as determined by the reconfigurations of the pellicle . Contribution to journal Article peer-review Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. 30, 367373. Advertisement randellpierre23 Answer: Kataoka, H., Shimura, T., Mizoshita, T., Kubota, E., Mori, Y., Mizushima, T., et al. Rev. Plant Physiol. (2001). Life Sci. J. Neurol. doi: 10.1007/s11746-017-3050-7, Maurice, L.Q., Lander, H., Edwards, T., and Harrison, W.E. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029, Hayashi, H., Narumi, I., Wada, S., Kikuchi, M., Furuta, M., Uehara, K., et al. Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). Microbiol. In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). Bioresource Technol. World Intellectual Property Organization. A key enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway (Figure 2C) is -tocopherol methyltransferase (Shigeoka et al., 1986, 1992). U.S. Patent No 9,045,784. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis Z, a photosynthetic flagellate. 293, 28652876. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Seppnen-Laakso, T., Rischer, H., and Wiebe, M.G. Appl. BioSyst. doi: 10.2741/4160, Harper, C. (2006). Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. In Vivo 32, 799805. Euglena gracilis cell mass has been shown to be a suitable source for the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion, producing around 650 or 800 mL biogas/g DW under PT or HT cultivation conditions, respectively (Grimm et al., 2015). At present, only two enzymes of this pathway, the D-galacturonate reductase and aldonolactonase, have been biochemically characterised in vitro. . The single cells are biflagellate, with the flagella originating in a small reservoir at the anterior of the cell. Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Adverse health effects, including neurological damage or anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency (Niki and Traber, 2012). (2015). Photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis under cobalamin-sufficient and -limited growing conditions. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Lipids 45, 263273. Nickel accumulation by the green algae-like Euglena gracilis. Biomass Bioenergy 112, 138143. Effect of mixed organic substrate on -tocopherol production by Euglena gracilis in photoheterotrophic culture. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 343, 1018. Furthermore, it was shown in vitro and in a mouse model that straight-chain cationic 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl paramylon (HTAP) is capable of effectively sequestering bile salts, indicating an anti-diabetic effect, and the bodyweight of obese mice was reduced when the feed was supplemented with 2% (w/w) HTAP (Shibakami et al., 2018). Euglena is a very important organism within the environment as it is able to photosynthesize, thus taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere so that other organisms can survive Do you have 2 other reasons? J. Pharmacol. doi: 10.1111/and.13088, Al Abdallah, Q., Nixon, B.T., and Fortwendel, J.R. (2016). Eng. A green and efficient technology for sequential extraction of lipid and paramylon from Euglena gracilisEuglena gracilis This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre funding scheme (Project Number: IC130100009). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.25.299. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Genet. Asia-Pacific J. Chem. As another target for a metabolic engineering approach, trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase has been identified as a potentially rate-limiting enzyme in the FA synthesis pathway of E. gracilis (Inui et al., 2017). (2016). As a result, corneal epithelial cell migration was increased and the acute inflammatory reaction caused by corneal alkali burns in vivo was supressed (Choi et al., 2013). Barras, D.R., and Stone, B.A. Creation of straight-chain cationic polysaccharide-based bile salt sequestrants made from euglenoid -1,3-glucan as potential antidiabetic agents. Food Res. Euglena gracilis growth and cell composition under different temperature, light and trophic conditions. 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