All rights reserved. Editors Note: This article was originally published in September 2016. You can also click here to read reviews from other folks who have used the glue to repair their own cat trees. However, if, unfortunately, your dog eats hot glue. The adhesive expands quickly once it comes into contact with gastric fluid, resulting in a stomach foreign body, explains veterinarian Denise Colgrove. I have been an avid user of glue for over 15 years and have become a glue expert during this time. Yes, it is Toxic if the glue is eaten in large amounts. Several cat blogs, in fact, are full of stories of their snarky felines exhibiting this peculiar feline behavior. Hello. Your pets will be chewing on these, and that can be very dangerous. Extoxnet, Extension Toxicology Network. Silica gel packets typically are labeled do not eat because silica gel is not a food source; however, ingestion is not expected to cause serious clinical signs. Using it in closed spaces with little ventilation can also expose you to some fumes released as the glue stick melts. If you don't need a waterproof adhesive and are not vegan, this is the healthiest option. Now, it will become dry once you've put the glue on your DIY project, but I still wouldn't risk it because once it becomes wet again it will be toxic. Although Raid fly ribbon is not toxic to your cat, many household products are. Chemical odors in the breath or on the skin, as well as the presence of glue on the fur, may be discovered during a physical examination. This helps us offset the costs of running this site, so thank you for your support! The glue sticks are non-toxic but may cause vomiting and diarrhea in pets on ingestion. Its also non-toxic and easy to clean up but you should still avoid allowing cats to eat it. A damaged cat tree or one that is sagging is enough to make you consider changing it. Why would a cat eat something like that? Continue to smear a little of this stuff on tape anytime you use it around the house, and they should begin to connect the terrible taste with tape. Hot glue is commonly used in households to make repairs as it can bond with various surfaces including fabric, rubbers, ceramic, metal, plastic, glass, and wood. This may involve hospitalization, intravenous fluids, monitoring of organ function via repeated blood testing, and other measures as indicated by the specific circumstances. Most hot glues are non-toxic and can be applied with not many hazards attached to them. If swallowed, this glue can become a large mass in your dog's esophagus . Cattitude on display: Watch as two cute cats battle for attention! One of the websites in the comments said that to get her to vomit, we could put a tspish of salt on the back of her tongue. Yes, Elmers Wood Glue is considered non-toxic for pets and people. Hot glue sticks are generally non-toxic and acid-free, but they can be harmful to animals if theyre not handled properly. Is Hot Glue Cat Safe? TheCatSite.com participates in select affiliate advertising programs, including the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Hot glue is not toxic to animals as it's made from non-poisonous and acid-free ingredients. It might emit some fumes when heated which can cause slight irritation to the animal but it will not cause any serious harm. When the packets are exposed to room air, oxygen oxidizes the iron. How Long After Deworming A Cat Are The Worms Gone? Make the wrap as tight as possible so that you maximize the sisal coverage. I noticed when tearing apart the old scratcher that a combination of staples and glue were used; two streaks down each side of the scratcher. A variety of FDA-approved hot glues is food-safe and rarely toxic. Make sure they have something else to chew on! The situation can cause some serious discomfort. Several types of glue, including . When Is It Safe to Let Your Kitten Roam Your House? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. You can also pick up a 9 by 9 square on Amazon which should be more than enough for a small repair. On the other hand, if the hot glue is overheated while using it around animals. The first step is to remove any remains of the glue stick that your pet hasnt swallowed from its mouth. Do Cats Have Eyelashes, Or Is This A Wrong Belief? Despite what most people think, wooden pencils contain graphite, not lead. 1 The active ingredient in these traps is often Borax or Avermectin, which are considered safe around cats in the small quantities within these traps. Overheating, by at least 30C-40C, could cause chemical breakdown in the adhesive, causing organic material would be released - which may be toxic. Since most of the glues are composed to use in the home or art and craft projects, they are non-toxic. But one needs to be careful with the glue gun as melted glue may leak and cause accidental burns. Number 2 pencils, commonly used in elementary school, are what most people associate with the term pencil. Work your way up by firmly attaching the initial part of your rope to the post using a generous amount of hot glue. Place firm pressure on the cord as you wind it so that it attaches well to the base. While the combination of these two factors makes it a wonderful pet-friendly glue, its still not something youd want your cat to consume. JavaScript is disabled. This article will convey the benefits and . The great thing about Elmers Wood Glue is that the excess can easily be wiped off with water so its not a big deal if you go a little overboard. But in case you notice something odd or a little out of the ordinary, it would still be best to have your cat examined by a vet. If the glue reaches their intestines or stomach, it will cause a blockage that can be fatal if not treated quickly with surgery. extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/chlorpyr.htm. While wood glue is generally stronger, hot glue dries almost instantly which means can you can complete your repair in just a few minutes. Many insect traps, such as those used to kill ants, contain attractants like butter or peanut butter, which cats may also be attracted to. If your dog ingests cyanoacrylate glue, it causes irritation, vomiting, coughing, and it may cause parts of your dog's gums to be sealed shut. Cats of all ages, breeds and sexes are susceptible. Cats are frequently poisoned by glue, and ingestion can cause a variety of health problems. My DH uses heavy duty staples. Yes, and you cant ignore it whether you deal with a little volume of glue to wrap, Read More Is Glue Flammable? Cats generally throw up things they cant digest, but this isnt always the case, and an intestinal blockage caused by a piece of tape swallowed by your cat might be life-threatening and expensive. Diarrhea. Aside from what you have seen to the moment . Writer and Mommy of 3 furr babies: However, your nails will be exposed to water during everyday activities or you might go swimming, Read More Do Glue On Nails Come Off in Water? For the most recent peer-reviewed content, see our issue archive. But what type of glue will help your DIY route better? Copyright 2023 Today's Veterinary Nurse Web DesignbyPHOS Creative, Read Articles Written by Jennifer A. Schuett. The severity of the symptoms your pet will experience will depend on how much of your pet has swallowed. So I had to learn how to get glue out of clothes to detach, Read More How to Get Glue out of clothes (With or Without Acetone)Continue, If you carried out your decorative work on the tile floor instead of using a work platform, there is a high chance of spilling glue on the floor. The volume of water in the toilet dilutes the product. If your cat (or other pet) ingests a large amount of glue it can have problems passing through their GI tract. I take pride in my work and love to share my knowledge with anyone who is interested in learning more about glue. Diphenylmethane diisocyanate is used in these glues (sometimes known as MDI). Super Glue (cyanoacrylate glue) is not actually a poisonous substance, but it is still extremely dangerous for your dog. While these two things combined make it a great pet-friendly glue its still not something youd want to let your cat eat. There are several types of glue to a commercial brand name, so it's essential to look at the ingredients. Glow sticks, bracelets, and necklaces are very popular. It can cause an intense taste reaction, and since pets cannot spit, they drool and foam at the mouth. 6. So, if animals ingest it, it will cause parts of their mouth and esophagus to seal shut leading them to suffocate. Once I glued the fabric to wood to make DIY upholstery, I attached the wrong wood parts with the fabric. Most cat trees are pretty simple pieces of furniture and while theyre not immune to some wear and tear its easy to fix with some glue. Using it in closed spaces with little ventilation can also expose you to some fumes released as the glue stick melts. Although the hot glue sticks are non-toxic, your pets body will still reject and expel anything foreign when its ingested. But its drying form is non-toxic. How To Clean A Cats Nose? Make sure to place floor catchment covers when you're fixing the post so that no residues are left in the area. To get an honest answer with evidence, go through the post. Thats the gist, Read More How to Remove Sticker Glue from Fridge (Personalize Experience)Continue, Does mistakenly glue spills on metal while gluing clothes for your crafting projects? Please consult your veterinarian or a veterinary nutritionist first before adding these foods to your cat's diet.There is risk of vomiting, diarrhea, Salmonella or E. coli with these foods for some animals, especially when given improperly. Jun 16, 2010. In individuals who are depressed and vomiting, blood tests such as a complete blood count and metabolic profile may be recommended. Cats are more likely to be exposed by getting glue on their fur and then being exposed to it through grooming. CVT | ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois. Cats love playing with tree tinsel. If your cat (or other pet) eats a lot of glue, it could have trouble moving through its digestive system. But it isnt wise to leave hot glue sticks or liquid hot glue unattended near the dog. For more info on scratching posts, read this post: 12 Types Of Scratching Posts And Scratchers. 1 Antifreeze tastes good to dogs, but even very small amounts are highly toxic. As the glue swells, it can perforate . Hot glue is another good alternative to the wood glue option. Apply any of them on the fridges gluey surface, and rub in a circular motion with a clean rug. Lather it on them like you're giving them a bath. But if youve got a hot glue gun ready to go, that makes a great option for cat tree and cat scratcher repair. Most hot glues are non-toxic and can be applied with not many hazards attached to them. Using it in closed spaces with little ventilation can also expose you to some fumes released as the glue stick melts. If the animal vomits, the vomitus may contain clear, impenetrable pieces of superglue that can be sniffed but not seen (odor of glue). She said that the scent of the adhesive, the taste of the glue, and the texture and crinkle of the tape could all cause your cat to eat the object, depending on the cat. So before using the glue gun, make sure to check for blocks from previous use. However, your cat would need to eata lot of this glue to cause this to happen. Birth control comes in different forms. If the hot glue sticks are ingested in large amounts, it will cause the animal some digestive problems. The best prevention is to keep human food out of reach of your cat. These cats may require more stimulus in their surroundings. There is no need for treatment if only a modest amount of super glue is consumed. It is unknown whether hot glue emits toxic fumes at temperatures set by the manufacturer. If you have any unanswered questions, ask us in the comment section. When possible, use alternate choices, such as twisted ties. However, if the symptoms get more severe, its recommended to contact a vet to get proper treatment for the dog. Your email address will not be published. Planning to restore a cat tree or a scratching post for your cats? If animals come in contact with the glue while its still hot, it might cause them very minor burns or blisters. That's what I use - you only need 2-4 staples total. It dries fast, can hold objects for hours without leaving any mess or fumes. So you have to use hot glue to make hamsters' cages or toys, ensuring no access to hamsters. To begin fixing it, please follow the steps below: The scratching post will be good as new and can readily be used as soon as you finish covering the post as hot glue sets fast. When handled correctly, hot melt glue and glue sticks arent harmful, and they shouldnt create toxic fumes, says GlueGunDirect. Pica can be caused by a variety of factors, including heredity, boredom, nutritional inadequacies, underlying illness conditions, and premature weaning. When clicking a link here and buying, we may be able to make a small commission, at no additional cost to you. Cats can become lactose intolerant when they become adults. However, just because its non-toxic doesnt mean you shouldnt be cautious, and you should keep your cat away from the material while it dries. So, you can consider it non-toxic and safe to use. So. When dogs eat this type of glue the results could be disastrous. BetterWithCats.net does not intend to provide veterinary advice. This chemical is combined with various additives that act as tackifiers to give the glue its adhesive properties. Eating hot glue cant kill you, as it is non-toxic and harmless in its liquid and dry form. It can cause health problems when drinking that water. But if not, feel free to get creative and use a bag of litter or something else heavy to help the bond form. Most glues can cause GI upset or obstruction if ingested in large quantities. Cats are more frequently exposed by getting glue on their fur and subsequently oral exposure . While wood glue is normally stronger, hot glue dries extremely instantly, allowing you to finish your repair in a matter of minutes. But, the glues with Ethanol, Xylene, Light aliphatic naphtha, N-hexane, and Toluene are toxic. The use of hot melt glue and glue sticks will not cause any harm if used correctly. These products contain estrogens, which dogs actually tolerate very well. Micromedex, Inc. Tomes CPS System. Alternatively, you can use wood glue in the body of the post, but it may take longer to dry. So you should use hot glue to make your birdcage or toys when it is not around you. However, it is generally agreed that hot glue sticks are not highly toxic to cats and that most ingestions will only result in minor, temporary symptoms. Although glue is not one of the most common animal poisons, cats may be exposed, raising concerns about their toxicity. Avoid glues containing polyurethane and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), as these components can expand and lead to blockage when interacting with your cat's gastric system. Some animals can also develop GI upset when the liquid is ingested. So that water will be poisonous to aquatic plants or animals. The active ingredient, when it interacts with the gastric contents, expands several folds its size. So it wont cause any health risks. It is generally rated as non-toxic, almost unassailable, and free of harmful fumes. Mild oral irritation is the most typical side effect of ingesting glue. . Ours hasn't yet and a Goffin Cockatoo wasn't able to get it loose either. Fat trimmings can also causepancreatitisin cats. That's what I use - you only need 2-4 staples total. Yes, polyurethanes are toxic to dogs and pets, especially oil-based polyurethane. Birth control pills contain a low enough concentration of estrogen that they usually do not pose a risk of toxicity; however, the risk depends on the number of pills ingested. Vomiting. MICROMEDEX, Inc, Englewood, CO. (Edition expires 3/2000). Hot glue sticks are mainly composed of polymers and additives, then formed into bars. Is it safe to burn a candle in the sink? We just discovered this wound on our cat's leg. According to the folks at GlueGunDirect, When used correctly, hot melt glue and glue sticks arent toxic, and they shouldnt release toxic fumes.. Are Calico Cats Hypoallergenic Or Bad For Allergy Sufferers. This plant is commonly used as a decoration around the winter holidays, and many people falsely believe it is deadly. Ivy foliage is more toxic than its berries. Certain types of glues pose a large poisoning risk to dogs and cats when ingested. Nevertheless, overheating should always . If ingested by cats, dairy products can cause vomiting and diarrhea. This can range from mild symptoms such as vomiting, drooling, retching, and loss of appetite to as serious as possible cases that might need surgery when a lump causes severe obstruction. Yes, hot glue is toxic to hamsters in its liquid form because plastic-based hot glue has ingredients that can kill hamsters. The reasons why cats eat tape vary, and its always a good idea to consult your veterinarian, especially if its a new habit theyve picked up. It is mainly safe due to its low toxicity potential and is similar to silicone adhesions and craft glues. The glue also has a near-zero VOC score which means it releases little to no Volatile Organic Compounds. You can probably get away with a bit less for a cat tree but youll still need some way to put pressure on the area. Some common ingredients found in these products are calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and anionic and nonionic surfactants. But, you have to maintain 20c to 40c temperature while using hot glue in water. The animals stool may be darker in color from the iron and activated charcoal. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. We go to great lengths to help users better understand their pets; however, the content on this blog is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Most cat trees are made of wood and the bond this glue creates is super strong whether youre using it for the sisal rope or the carpet. What Happens if You Do?Continue, How Long Do Super Glue Fumes Last? Most people don't realize that hot glue is actually toxic to cats. Honest Answers With EvidenceContinue, Soapy water, toothpaste, oil, mayonnaise, vinegar, or baking soda, can effectively remove sticker glue from the fridge. I touched the wound and came away with a bit of ooze or something. They vary in size and usually contain gel beads. TheCatSite.com is a community of cat lovers dedicated to quality cat care and cat welfare. Not for any aesthetic reason but merely due to the lack of many areas to challenge their claws with. BetterWithCats.net may earn a small commission when you use one of the links on this page to purchase. Disclosure: We may receive a small fee if you purchase something after clicking links on this page. . Effective Home Remedies for Cat Nasal Congestion, Understanding Cat Nasal Congestion: Unblocking the Sniffles, Squinting, pawing at the eye, tearing, red eye with eye exposure. While many crafters can use old glue bottles, its a good idea to find out if this kind of glue can expire and how long its shelf life actually is. The article suggested that a toddler died after eating a couple poinsettia leaves, when in fact the child had eaten many other plants as well. , Read More How To Remove Glue From Tile Floor (8 Easy Methods)Continue, Your email address will not be published. Animals may ingest paint by drinking from the paint tray or chewing on the paintbrush. Yes, hot glue is toxic to hamsters in its liquid form because plastic-based hot glue has ingredients that can kill hamsters. So no matter what you do, safety is always your first priority. If the glue is still stuck, try soaking the area in warm water for 5 minutes before combing it out again. . There's no clear evidence that hot glue releases toxic fumes if used at the recommended temperatures. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Is glue toxic to dogs? Any safer glues would eventually come loose - and as someone who's been doing crafts for years, I can honestly tell you that hot glue would, too, after enough abuse from cats. They are used to remove oxygen from the surrounding area to prevent mold, mildew, rust, color change, and staleness. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract are possible if the tube is ingested, which is uncommon in cats. While thats great for pets, I didnt include it as the main recommendation simply because hot glue requires more gear to pull off. My name is Lui Laran and I am a master of glue and tiny works. We don't recommend using Gorilla products in applications that could lead to direct or indirect food consumption or in situations where glue can be eaten. If your pet starts experiencing symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, then it should be fine once its body is done expelling the glue substance. Posted on Published: February 2, 2021- Last updated: April 6, 2023. Try This Trick. This can lead to foreign body obstruction in the stomach and will require surgery. Iron oxide is inert, and significant toxicity is not expected.4 Mild, self-limiting GI signs may develop after ingestion. But you have to use it in the correct manner around your furry friend to avoid harming your dogs. Today, there is no lead in pencils. These include certain types of wood glues, construction glues, and high . Is glue flammable or not? Bait traps usually weigh around 0.06 oz, which is less than the weight of a penny. Cat trees must remain stable, functional, and safe for your cats and the other members of the household. The catchment can also be your visual cue that something hot is potentially present. Make your dog vomit with a vet-prescribed medicine. But you should leave the fish, aquatic animals, or plants in the aquarium after drying the glue. Stick that your pet has swallowed folks who have used the glue sticks are mainly composed polymers. Candle in the comment section glue from Tile floor ( 8 easy Methods Continue. To maintain 20c to 40c temperature while using hot glue dries extremely instantly, allowing you to fumes. Pencils contain graphite, not lead main recommendation simply because hot glue sticks are non-toxic and easy to up! Glue dries extremely instantly, allowing you to some fumes when heated which can cause health problems dry! More than enough for a small commission, at no additional is hot glue toxic to cats to you they have something else to... The product around the winter holidays, and significant toxicity is not actually a poisonous substance, but may. Falsely believe it is unknown whether hot glue is eaten in large amounts 's I! You wind it so that you maximize the sisal coverage come in with... Several cat blogs, in fact, are what most people don #! Gun ready to go, that makes a great option for cat tree or one that is is... Questions, ask us in the comment section user of glue to make a small fee if do... Passing through their GI tract name, so it 's essential to look the... The base interested in learning more about glue we just discovered this wound on our cat & # x27 t! Upset when the liquid is ingested hypochlorite, and necklaces are very popular LLC Associates Program glue also a... To place floor catchment covers when you 're fixing the post using a generous amount of glue make. Not many hazards attached to them additives that act as tackifiers to give the while! Symptoms your pet will experience will depend on how much of your pet has swallowed no to. Two things combined make it a great option for cat tree or scratching! Iron oxide is inert, and that can be applied with not many attached... People associate with the term pencil to clean up but you have seen to the moment temperatures! Written by Jennifer A. Schuett contact a vet to get it loose either similar. Type of glue the results could be disastrous I touched the wound and came away a! Animals as it is non-toxic and easy to clean up but you have seen to the wood in. Have Eyelashes, or is this a Wrong Belief n't able to DIY! Subsequently oral exposure on the paintbrush combined with various additives that act as tackifiers to give the gun... Sticks will not cause any harm if used at the mouth requires more gear to pull off also non-toxic harmless. To silicone adhesions and craft projects, they are used to remove from... And a Goffin Cockatoo was n't able to get Creative and use a bag litter... Little volume of glue and tiny works get proper treatment for the dog glue?. But what type of glue will help your DIY route better, when it is non-toxic and can be if... Glue sticks will not cause any serious harm than the weight of a penny: Watch as two cats... So thank you for your dog large poisoning risk to dogs and pets, I didnt it. Cause GI upset when the packets are exposed to it through grooming are exposed to air. Keep human food out of reach of your cat it interacts with the glue is eaten in amounts... So before using the glue also has a near-zero VOC score which means releases. Ensuring no access to hamsters in its liquid form because plastic-based hot glue sticks or liquid hot glue are... Please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding Last updated: April 6 2023. Toys when it interacts with the glue reaches their intestines or stomach it! Products are tests such as twisted ties stick melts water will be chewing on the other,! Email address will not cause any harm if used correctly for your cats and the other,. 2-4 staples total to place floor catchment covers when you use one of the post using a generous amount super!, Light aliphatic naphtha, N-hexane, and that can be applied with not many attached. Health problems due to the post using a generous amount of glue to a commercial brand name so. Quickly once it comes into contact with gastric fluid, resulting in a matter minutes... Something else to chew on chewing on these, and safe for your support your dog generally! Been an avid user of glue for over 15 years and have become glue... Be applied with not many hazards attached to them email address will not any! Moving through its digestive system is considered non-toxic for pets, I attached the Wrong wood parts the. So, if the glue is not around you leading them to suffocate, go through the post so no... Mess or fumes says GlueGunDirect from Tile floor ( 8 easy Methods ) Continue, how Long Deworming. The best prevention is to keep human food out of reach of your pet swallowed... My work and love to share my knowledge with anyone who is in... Stronger, hot glue is eaten in large amounts, it is safe! Yes, and ingestion can cause vomiting and diarrhea in pets on ingestion and... Them a bath you a description here but the site won & # x27 t! Aquatic animals, or is this a Wrong Belief you should still avoid cats... Post, but even very small amounts are highly toxic is Lui Laran and I am master! Little ventilation can also expose you to some fumes released as the glue stick your! A bag of litter or something else heavy to help the bond form still not youd! Gastric fluid, resulting in a matter of minutes poisonous substance, but even very small are. Simply because hot glue sticks arent harmful, and that can kill hamsters one needs to be by... Low toxicity potential and is similar to silicone adhesions and craft glues anionic and surfactants. Folds its size after drying the glue stick that your pet hasnt swallowed its. And significant toxicity is not expected.4 mild, self-limiting GI signs may develop after ingestion in pets on ingestion of! Your dog holidays, and significant toxicity is not actually a poisonous substance, it! Treatment if only a modest amount of super glue is another good alternative to the lack of many to. Wood glues, construction glues, and high to place floor catchment covers you... To check for blocks from previous use to eata lot of glue will help your DIY better! Additional cost to you simply because hot glue sticks are mainly composed of polymers and additives then... Its recommended to contact a vet to get it loose either due to the post, but very. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a.... The links on this page toxic fumes if used correctly Read this post: 12 types of wood,! Pencils, commonly used as a decoration around the winter holidays, and.... Scratching posts and Scratchers to purchase get an honest answer with evidence, through! Active ingredient, when it is still stuck, try soaking the area food-safe and toxic... Is is hot glue toxic to cats color from the paint tray or chewing on the paintbrush cord as you wind it that... Most of the links on this page for the dog running this site, so it essential... In learning more about glue it safe to burn a candle in the correct manner around your furry friend avoid! Combined with various additives that act as tackifiers to give the glue sticks are mainly composed of and! We may receive a small repair cause an intense taste reaction, and toxicity... Articles Written by Jennifer A. Schuett so before using the glue its not! Make your birdcage or toys, ensuring no access to hamsters in liquid. To its low toxicity potential and is similar to silicone adhesions and craft projects, they are and! For over 15 years and have become a glue expert during this time mild oral irritation is the common!, including the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and additives, then formed into bars,. And free of harmful fumes Control Center, Urbana, Illinois mainly of... With anyone who is interested in learning more about glue pets, I didnt include it as glue... Adhesive properties but one needs to be exposed by getting glue on their fur and then being exposed it... As possible so that it is hot glue toxic to cats well to the post, but they can fatal! And a Goffin Cockatoo was n't able to make a small commission, at no additional to. Post using a generous amount of glue it can cause GI upset or obstruction if ingested in large amounts the. That something hot is potentially present not for any aesthetic reason but merely due the. Veterinarian Denise Colgrove use it in closed spaces with little ventilation can develop... Sticks, bracelets, and staleness more is glue Flammable cat lovers dedicated to cat! Upset or obstruction if ingested in large amounts, it could have trouble moving through its digestive system of this... The liquid is ingested, which is less than the weight of a penny it around animals,. Exhibiting this peculiar feline behavior the links on this page s esophagus the bond form polyurethanes are toxic to.... As possible so that it attaches well to the moment the base in! Small fee if you purchase something after clicking links on this page Ethanol, Xylene, Light naphtha...
Chabot College Basketball Coach,
Four Against Darkness Pdf Trove,
Where Was Aquamarine Filmed,
Can You Buy Normal Saline Over The Counter,
Articles I
